1. Intonation

2. Definition
The rise and fall of the voice in speaking.

3. Listening to (correct) English speech easily shows that:
In the course of a clause or sentence, the pitch of the voice is (nearly always) continually changing; and that
At the end of a clause or sentence (that is on the last important syllable, technically called the nucleus) the pitch of the voice falls in some cases and rises in other cases.

4. The forms of intonation
Five types, the first two are most common:
A. A fall, or falling nuclear tone, often indicated ( ), which may be from a very high or mid pitch to a low or very low pitch;

5. B. A rise, or rising nuclear tone, often indicated , which may be from low to mid or from mid to high;

7. The functions of intonation
Sethi & Dhamija (2002): grammatical, attitudinal and accent functions.

8. Grammatical: three roles.
Firstly: sentence types:

9. Secondly, intonation helps the speaker divide longer sentences:

10. Thirdly, intonation signals the precise kind of grammatical subordination of a relative clause to its main clause.

11. In the attitudinal function intonation could be said to be the chief means by which the speaker conveys his attitudes and emotions.

13. Intonation used to differentiate sentences types
Falling tone:
Statements which are complete and definite

14. b) Wh - questions which are matter-of-fact (unemotional and practical) and intended to be neither polite nor impolite.

15. c) Commands

16. d) Invitations

17. e) Exclamations

18. f) Tag-questions forcing the listener to agree with the speaker

19. Falling Statements which are complete and definite
Wh - questions which are matter-of-fact and intended to be neither polite nor impolite.
Commands
Invitations
Exclamations
Tag-questions forcing the listener to agree with the speaker

20. 9.3.2 Rising tone
a) Yes/no type questions

21. b) Statement intended to be a question

22. c) Non-terminal tone group

23. d) Terminal utterance said as an afterthought

24. e) Request

25. f) Command intended to sound like a request

26. g) Wh-question showing politeness, friendliness, warmth and personal interest

27. h) Repetition-question which repeats someone else's question, or wants him to repeat some information.

28. 9.3.3 Falling-rising tone
a) Incomplete statement leading to a following statement

29. b) Statement intended to be a 'correction' of the information received

30. c) Statement intended to be a warning/reproach or to express concern

31. d) Imperative meant to be a pleading request

32. e) Statement which shows a kind of reservation on the part of the speaker

33. 9.3.4 Rising-falling tone
a) Statement showing enthusiastic agreement

34. b) Question showing suspicion, indignation or mockery

35. c) Imperative expressing petulance or haughtiness

36. d) Exclamation expressing sarcasm, irony

37. When a plain statement of fact is said in a sentence of more than one clause:
(a) A fall is the normal intonation for the last tone group (and a rise for the first tone group) such as in:

38. (b) A fall is used in both groups if the speaker thinks of them as two cumulative statements of fact, or if he adds the second as an afterthought such as in:

39. (c) The two groups are said with a single intonation pattern and hence not marked for tone if the speaker thinks of it as an undivided statement; such as in:

40. (d) A fall is used for the first group and a rise for the last if the speaker thinks of the first as the real remark, to which he adds the second as a reservation of afterthought such as in:

41. 9.4 Tones in relation to attitudes
Wh-questions
With falling tone signal matter-of-fact enquiries which are neither polite nor impolite such as in:

42. (b) Tag-questions

43. (c) Statements
With falling tone could signal matter-of-fact statements such as in: She's 'very 'beautiful.

44. Continuation next class