1. Crisis, Realignment, and the Dawn of the Post-Cold War World, 1975-1991
Chapters 31 and 34

2. I. Postcolonial Crises and Asian Economic Expansion, 1975-1991
A. Revolutions, Repression, and Democratic Reform in Latin America
Latin America entered a dark time of political violence in the 1970s.
Military dictatorships took over in many countries.
Little care for civil liberties or human rights
Cuba’s communist survival inspired other Latin American countries.
The U.S. increased its support for anti-communist leaders.
Brazil, 1964: dictatorship, violent repression, government promotion of industrialization
Chile, 1970s: socialist president Salvador Allende attempted to redistribute wealth
Overthrown in 1973 by Gen. Augusto Pinochet (supported by U.S.)

3. 1970s: Argentina (“Mothers of the Disappeared” by U2!)
Embarrassing defeat by Great Britain over Falkland Islands in 1982
1979: revolutionary Sandinistas took over corrupt Somoza government in Nicaragua
Moderate party won elections in 1990
U.S. President Jimmy Carter supported human rights and attempted to work with Latin America; policies reversed with Ronald Reagan
Contras in Nicaragua illegally financed by Reagan administration

4. El Salvador hoped to imitate Sandinistas; U. S
El Salvador hoped to imitate Sandinistas; U.S. provided hundreds of millions of dollars in military aid to fight against revolutionaries, human rights abuses (“Bullet the Blue Sky” by U2!)
Military dictatorships mostly over by 1990
Oil-producing countries fell into debt in the 1980s, impeded economic development
The U.S. remained the “Big Brother” of the hemisphere.

5. B. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan
Muhammad Reza Pahlavi became shah in 1941
In 1953, the U.S. CIA helped keep the shah in power against Mohammad Mosaddegh
By 1970s, popular resentment grew against the wealthy elite and corrupt government, blamed the U.S.
Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (Shi’ite cleric) became the leader of the opposition.
Shah fled, and monarchy ended in 1979, became Islamic Republic of Iran
Anti-Israel and anti-American
Nov. 1979: Iranian radicals seized U.S. embassy in Tehran, held 52 diplomats hostage for 444 days

7. Afghanistan Fall 1980: Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Iran
Iraq: secular, Arab-nationalism, friendly with Soviet Union
Hussein feared shi’ites of Iran would inspire shi’ite majority in Iraq; Hussein was sunni.
U.S. covertly sent arms to Iran through Israel (tried to get hostages released in Lebanon)
Iran forced to accept cease-fire in 1988
Afghanistan
1979: Soviet Union sent army to Afghanistan to bolster communist rule
U.S. trained and equipped Afghan rebels Soviets withdrew in 1989; rebel groups fought amongst themselves.

9. C. Asian Transformation
Khmer Rouge in Cambodia, : 2 million killed
Japan’s economy grew faster in the 1970s and ‘80s than any other country.
Combinations of companies with close relationships with government
Large trade imbalances
Financial issues by the end of the 1980s
South Korea developed in a similar fashion.
Asian tigers: countries that did well economically (Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea)

10. D. China Rejoins the World Economy
After Mao’s death in 1976, China began reforming its economy.
New leader Deng Xiaoping oversaw expansion of private businesses and foreign investment
Dual economy: private and state-run
Contracting of land: agricultural output tripled
Economic reforms, massive investments, and technological improvements made China one of the world’s major industrial powers by the end of the century.
Communist Party leadership resisted political reform.
Chinese students and intellectuals led movements for democracy
Tiananmen Square, 1989: hundreds of thousands of protestors refused to leave Beijing, hundreds arrested or killed, “tank man”

12. II. The End of the Bipolar World, 1989-1991
A. Crisis in the Soviet Union
Intense rhetoric on both sides during the early 1980s (Ronald Reagan and Leonid Brezhnev)
Soviet economy struggled to keep up with the arms race.
Mikhail Gorbachev became the soviet leader in 1985.
Authorized major reforms in an attempt to avoid total collapse
Political openness (glasnost) and economic restructuring (perestroika)

13. B. The Collapse of the Socialist Bloc
Solidarity labor movement in Poland led by Lech Walesa (“New Years Day” by U2!)
New Polish pope (John Paul II) in 1979 strengthened Catholicism in the country
Critics and reformers emboldened by Gorbachev’s reforms
Combination of nationalism and religion created a new base of opposition
Eastern European countries started trading with the West to avoid economic problems.
Fall of communism, Berlin Wall in 1989
Germany reunified in 1990

15. End of the Soviet Union came in 1991
Romanian dictator refused to surrender, arrested and executed on Christmas 1989
End of the Soviet Union came in 1991
Botched coup against Gorbachev, he eventually resigned
Boris Yeltsin became president of Russia.
Cold War over
Destructive ethnic and religious conflicts characterized the transitional period in Yugoslavia, Armenia, Georgia, and Chechnya.

17. C. The Persian Gulf War,
First significant event after the breakup of the Soviet Union and end of Cold War
Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in August 1990.
Wanted oil fields and reduction of his country’s debt
U.S. got UN and some Islamic nations (Saudi Arabia) to support an attack
U.S. attacked in early 1991 (Operation Desert Storm), bombed Iraq into a “pre-industrial age”
Pushed Iraq out of Kuwait, Hussein remained in power

19. III. The Challenge of Population Growth
A. Demographic Transition
Dramatic population growth since the 1800s
Technology allowed food production to keep up
By 1960s, lowered fertility rates and reduced mortality
Population growth continues in the Third World.

22. B. The Industrialized Nations
In some countries, fertility rates are so low that population rates will fall.
Higher levels of female education and employment, material values of consumer culture, access to contraception
Falling fertility rates and rising life expectancy present problems for social services.

24. IV. Unequal Development and the Movement of Peoples
A. The Problem of Growing Inequality
The majority of the world’s population remains in poverty.
The U.S., Japan, and members of the European Union (EU) share most of the world’s wealth.
Republican-led tax reforms in the 1980s and early 2000s led to greater wealth inequality in the U.S.

25. B. Internal-Migration: The Growth of Cities
More and more people in the developing world moving to cities
City life generally better than countryside
Rapid migration means worsening of cities.
C. Global Migration
Immigration from poor countries increased after
Racial tensions worsened in developed nations.

26. V. Technological and Environmental Change
A. New Technologies and the World Economy
Military research often led to new technologies
Increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, improved flow of information
Consumer electronics, computers
Growth of transnational/multinational companies

27. B. Conserving and Sharing Resources
Growth of environmentalism and conserving natural resources
Industrial activity and energy consumption have increased.
Developing nations argue they should be allowed to do what developed nations did (in terms of environmental damage).

28. C. Responding to Environmental Threats
Several laws passed to protect environment beginning in 1970
Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Endangered Species Act
Tax breaks for energy-efficient companies and consumers
We still have problems, but things, like air quality, have improved.
Kyoto Accords, 1997: treaty to address global climate change
Affirmed by most nations; not ratified by U.S. Senate

29. VI. Conclusion
Cold War dominated international relations through the end of the 1980s
U.S. and Soviet Union believed every conflict posed a potential threat or possible confrontation.
By 1991, the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact disappeared.
Latin America went through hard times in this period.
Assault on democratic institutions and human rights
Postwar recovery of industrial nations
Remarkable expansion of certain Asian nations
Population growth in developing nations exacerbated economic problems.
Technology has offered hope for the future.