2. Irregular Migration: “Smuggling” vs. “Trafficking”
With the consent of the person being smuggled
Trafficking
Various forms of exploitation, such as sexual exploitation, forced labour or slavery
Achieved by force, by coercion or by deception

3. Trafficking in Persons in Southeast Asia
Wide spread, but no reliable figures
There is a political will to combat trafficking in persons:
UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons
1997 ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime
Bali Process
Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative against Trafficking (COMMIT)
Specific Protection Needs of Victims of Traficking are often not addressed
Repatriation is the preferred solution

4. Protection Needs of Victims of Trafficking
Identification of Victims of Trafficking
Standardised Definitions and legal frameworks
National Legislation
Cooperation between governments and non-government organisations
Response to Protection Needs
Victims of Trafficking should not be treated as “illegal immigrants”
Monitoring of conditions in shelters or detention centres
“Witness protection”
Return to home country
RFL Service can be crucial
Assistance for re-integration
Psychosocial support
Economic integration