1. DNA and Protein Synthesis Notes
August 28, 2019

2. I. Nucleic Acid Review

3. Name of the molecule identified by the arrow:
Phosphate group
Nitrogen base
Adenine
Sugar 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

4. Name given to the circled structure:
Nucleic acid
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Nucleus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

5. The type of reaction responsible for joining molecules A and B
Hydrolysis
Dehydration A B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

6. Let’s assume the following strand of DNA contains the information needed to make a protein. This segment of DNA is known as a____:
Nucleotide
Codon
Translation
Gene
mRNA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

7. Which is single stranded?
DNA
RNA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

8. The two strands of DNA are bonded together in the middle by their…
Sugars
Phosphates
Nitrogen bases 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

9. Which one contains nitrogenous bases A, T, G and C?
DNA
RNA 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

10. I. Protein Synthesis It’s a process
DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)

11. Three processes in this unit…
Replication (DNA DNA)
Transcription (DNA mRNA)
Translation (RNA Protein)

12. A. DNA Replication Occurs in the nucleus prior to any cell division
Enzyme is used to “unzip” or “unwind” the DNA

13. DNA Replication (cont.)
Another enzyme is used to build a complementary strand of DNA from the template piece of original DNA
Nitrogenous bases pair up
A – T
C - G
As a result, you create two identical strands of DNA

14. Let’s Practice ATC GGC TAT TAG CCG ATA
Replicate the following strand of DNA using the correct nitrogenous bases:
ATC GGC TAT
TAG CCG ATA

15. B. Transcription DNA strand unzips
The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken
Initiated by an enzyme that binds to a site on DNA
A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made
Pair up the bases
A  U
T  A
C  G
G  C
mRNA then travels from nucleus to cytoplasm

16. Transcription

17. Where in the cell does transcription take place?
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Vacuole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18. Any given segment of DNA has directions that make unique what?
Glucose
Proteins
Lipids
Blood cells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

19. If a DNA strand has the following sequence of base pairs – A C T G G T C C A A , then the mRNA strand would have what sequence?
T G A C C A G G T T
A C T G G T C C A A
T G U C C U G G T T
U G A C C A G G U U 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

20. a. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA?
Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message

21. 4. Types of RNA mRNA- messenger
Brings message from nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm
rRNA- ribosomal
Make up a ribosome
tRNA- transfer
“transfers” amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome to be added to the chain

22. The difference between RNA and DNA is what?
The phosphates
The sugars
The nitrogen bases
The way the monomer units bond 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

23. mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm to meet up with which organelle?
Mitochondria
Ribosome
Golgi Body
Lysosome
Nucleus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

24. C. Translation mRNA meets up with a ribosome…why??
Function of ribosome is to be site for protein synthesis
tRNA molecules bring amino acids to ribosomes
A mRNA codon will pair with a tRNA anticodon
Codon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in mRNA that specifies a specific amino acid
Anticodon: 3 Nitrogen base sequence in tRNA

25. Translation (cont.)
As tRNA’s are added, amino acids are bonded together and will be released as a fully functional protein

26. How do you know what amino acids make up a particular protein?
We use an mRNA codon chart

27. Mitochondria Nucleus Ribosomes Cytoplasm
Where in the cell does transcription, the first part of protein synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

28. DNA has the directions to make what?
Glucose
Nucleotides
Proteins
Monosaccharides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

29. After a strand of mRNA is made where does it go?
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Lysosome
Vacuole 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

30. Mitochondria Nucleus Golgi body Cytoplasm
Where in the cell does translation, the second part of protein synthesis, take place?
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Golgi body
Cytoplasm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

31. Molecules called tRNA’s are floating around the cytoplasm carrying what?
mRNA’s
Glucose
DNA
Nucleotides
Amino Acids 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

32. An mRNA codon is made up of how many nitrogen bases?1 3 6 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

33. Using your mRNA codon chart, what amino acid would a ribosome call for if the codon was A A C ?
Phenylalanine
Glutamine
Asparagine
Lysine
Tyrosine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

34. What protein would be synthesized from the following mRNA strand
What protein would be synthesized from the following mRNA strand? A C U U U C G A A U A C
Threonine – phenylalanine – glutamate – tyrosine
Phenylalanine – leucine – methionine – valine
Tyrosine – glutamate – phenylalanine – threonine
Lysine – cysteine – arginine – histidine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

35. What protein would be synthesized from the following DNA segment
What protein would be synthesized from the following DNA segment? T A A G T A C G C T A G
Isoleucine – alanine – histidine – alanine
Isoleucine – histidine – alanine – isoleucine
Phenylalanine – leucine – valine – arginine
Isoleucine – leucine – threonine – lysine 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

36. How would you assess your comprehension of DNA & Protein Synthesis?B C D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17