1. Cold War Tensions Rise
Living on the Edge

2. Race for the H-Bomb Russia launches A-bomb (1949)
US must up it one better
H- Bomb (Thermonuclear) (1950)
10.4 Million tons of TNT (A-bomb = 15,000 tons)
Differences (Fusion versus Fission)
Soviet Union explode thermonuclear device in 1953

3. Brinkmanship Dwight D. Eisenhower President 1953-1961
Secretary of State John Foster Dulles
Compromise with Communists immoral
Keep peace and contain Communism by going to the “Brink of War”
Greater Dependence on Nuclear Weapons and Bombers
Soviets answer with more of the same
Arms Race with Soviets

4. CIA Central Intelligence Agency Created
Covert activity to match KGB of Soviet Union
Spies sent to gather information on Soviet operations
Secret Operations to overthrow governments unfriendly to U.S.

5. Iran – 1951-1953 Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh
Opposed to British Imperialism
Nationalized Oil Industry
US fears of oil shortages to Post War Europe and Japan
CIA covertly ousted Mohammed Mossadegh
Fear Mossadegh was working with Coimmunist Tudeh Party
Replace with Shah Reza Pahlavi
US Companies take over oil indusrty
Iranian people suffer under repression of Shah and US economic policies
Iranian Revolution 1979 – Ayatollah Khomeni comes to power (Nationalist, Anti Western Cleric)
US seeks new Ally in Saddam Hussein in Iraq

6. Guatemala - 1954 Jacobo Arbenz Guzman elected president
Nationalizes land owned by American Fruit Companies
Gives land to Guatemalan Peasants
Suspected of being a Communist
Really just want land back (Allen Dulles CIA chief and Stock holder United Fruit Company)
CIA Trained Army in Honduras against Arbenz
Dictator Carlos Castillo Armas take over country
Returns land to US Fruit Company
Eventually Armas and CIA form Death Squads
100,000 die
Peasants turn to drug trade because left on poor soil
CIA uses drug money to help support dictators

8. Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev becomes new Soviet Premier
Denounces Stalin’s actions
Eastern European Nations see as softening of Soviet Resolve
Khrushchev’s position still unstable
Must put down any potential threats to Soviet Sphere
Must not appear weak against the West
Eventually becomes more aggressive than Stalin

9. Summit in Geneva - July 1955 Stalin Dies in 1953 – Tensions ease
Summit Between Soviets and Eisenhower
First meeting since WWII
“Spirit of Geneva”
Soviets recognize West Germany, Austria and Japan
Eisenhower calls for “Open Skies”
Prevent surprise attacks by Nuclear Weapons
NATO rearms Germany – Destroys peace
Soviets form Warsaw Pact in reaction
Reject “Open Skies”
Nothing Accomplished

10. Israel Palestine partitioned in 1948
United Nations Resolution
Holocaust Survivors, Refugees
US, Soviets approve
No one asks Palestinians
US sees Israel as ally in Middle East
Bulwark against Communism
US Military Aid used to expand territory and fight against Arab neighbors (Egypt)
$3.1 Billion annually including Nuclear Arsenal

11. Egypt and Aswan Dam Gamal Abdel Nasser
Nationalized Suez Canal (British and French)
Closed to traffic – Tolls to build Dam
Israel, France, Britain threaten war
Invade Egypt (UN and US denounce)
Nasser asks US for aid -Denied
Turn to Soviets
Soviets Threaten to use missiles vs UK troops
US counters
UN resolution
Egypt reopens canal 1957
US and Soviets both secretly give Nasser aid
Nasser become hero – Pan Arabism (Anti-Israel, Anti West)
Unites oppostion

12. Hungarian Revolt - Oct. 1956
Khrushchev seen as less menacing than Stalin
Eastern European countries demand more independence from Soviet control
Demand free elections, liberties
Imre Nagy Reformer elected
Soviet Army leaves Hungary
Hungarian Revolt
Hungarians threaten to leave Warsaw Pact
Soviets roll in tanks (30,000 killed)
US sends aid only
Eisenhower now seen as all bark no bite (Failure of Brinkmanship – all or nothing Egypt, Hungary)

13. Eisenhower Doctrine
Soviet prestige raised among Arab world due to aid to Nasser
Middle East becomes Cold War Theater
US vs USSR (Israel, Iran vs Syria, Egypt, Palestine)
Both sides dump Billions of $ in Military Aid into region
Competition in Third World (Hearts and Minds)
Eisenhower vows to defend Middle East against Communist Threat (Containment)
Leads to support of dictators (Shah) and ends peace in region (New Era of Imperialism)

14. Science and Technology
Cold War strategies turn to new innovations to win the war
Cheaper than conventional
militaries
Eisenhower – Republican
(Reduce Taxes)
Scientific Development Budgets soar on both sides
Military Industrial Complex – US (52% vs. 26% WWII)
Destroys Soviet Economy
Bomber, Missile Gaps and the Space Race
Competition to build the best means to destroy the other side
B-52s, Multiple Warheads, ICBMs, Titan Subs

15. Sputnik – Oct 1957 Soviets launch first man-made satellite into space
Fear US was falling behind Soviets
Technology Gap
US schools beef up science and math
programs
Soviets could now launch warheads at US targets
No one safe – Anxiety about Nuclear Holocuast
Duck and Cover
Bomb Shelters
US attempts initially fail (embarrassment)
NASA created to build successful rocket ($billions)
Finally launch in Jan 1958

16. U-2 Spy Flights –
CIA begins high altitude flight missions over Soviet Union
Aerial photography of Soviet Missile sites
“Open Skies” rejected at Geneva
Flights in stratosphere – Beyond reach of Radar, Soviet planes and anti-aircraft
Violation of the “Spirit of Geneva”
US violated UN resolution against illegal flights over national air space
Done covertly

17. Francis “Gary” Powers – May 1960
Powers enters Soviet Air Space
Shot down by Soviet pilot
Soviet technology more advanced than US suspected
US lies about mission
Weather experiments
Pilot lost in storm
Khrushchev claims Soviet Missile brings down pilot
Exaggerates capabilities of Soviet Missile Defenses
Powers captured
Failed to take cyanide
Interrogated by KGB
Reveals secrets about mission
Eventually traded for Soviet Spy held by US

18. Khrushchev Denounces Eisenhower
Eisenhower forced to admit authorization of U-2 Mission
Seen as an aggressor to Soviet Union
UN denounces US actions
Leads to US negative attitude toward UN
Khrushchev also seen as weak
Revealed that missions had been going on since 1955
Hard liners in Communist Party call him weak
Forces more aggressive stance on part of Soviets
Cold War Heats Up
1960s open with even more aggressive actions by both sides in Cold War