1. Global History 9 Final Exam Review

2. The First humans?

3. Prehistory:
Period before writing was developed

4. Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age)
Hunter-Gatherer Lifestyle
Nomadic
people migrated in search of food supplies;
Limited population
smaller clans/ tribes
Use of fire, simple tools

5. Neolithic Revolution
shift from hunter/gatherer lifestyle to a permanent, agricultural lifestyle
Domestication of animals
Leads to civilizations
New technology
Populations increase

6. Civilizations What characteristics make something a civilization ?
What characteristics where particularly important to the civilizations that follow ?

7. First Civilizations – where & why?

8. Mesopotamia
The Tigris and Euphrates rivers define Mesopotamiawhich means “between the rivers” in Greek.
Also called ???

9. Sumerians city-states (ex: Ur, Uruk)
Cuneiform – written language that uses pictographs
Ziggurat construction
Metal plow, use of wheel
polytheism

10. Babylonians Modern Iraq (Tigris-Euphrates Valley)
Hammurabi’s Law Code – characteristics?

11. Indus River Valley Civilization
Mohenjo-Daro or Harappan Culture
Sewer system, grid streets, uniform building construction; all examples of centralized government.
What does this evidence suggest about this civilization?

12. China’s River Valley Civilization
Huang He River (Yellow River Valley) - Nickname?
Impact of Geography?
Shang Dynasty – 1650 BC
Developed written script

13. ZHOU DYNASTY 1100 BCE – 221 BCE
Concept of Mandate of Heaven and the Dynastic Cycle
Feudal system
First books
How to make silk from cocoons of silk worm

14. SHI HUANGDI and Qin Dynasty – 221 BCE – 206 BCE
Proclaimed himself “First Emperor”
Centralized gov’t
Promoted uniformity in Chinese writing
Great Wall
Terracotta Warriors

15. Ethnocentrism Belief that one’s culture is superior to all others
Highly negative connotation

16. Religion / Philosophy
The major ideas of the following beliefs systems are listed here; that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t know other things about them !!!!!!

17. Hinduism Origins: India Reincarnation Concepts of dharma, karma
Polytheistic
Vedas, Upanishads are holy texts

18. Confucianism Origins: China Based on the teachings of Confucius
Human nature is generally good – the good in people can be cultivated through education
Emphasis is on the group rather than the individual; the needs of the group are more important
5 Key Relationships; the superior person must set a good example
Scholars hold highest position in government; education is the noblest pursuit
Basis of civil service exam throughout Chinese

19. Buddhism Origins - India Founded by Siddartha Guatama
Four Noble Truths – Life is ____________ and the cause of it is _________
You can reach Enlightenment if you follow the ____________
Rejects the Caste System
Embraces ideas of karma and reincarnation
Explanation of life through the Four Noble Truths
Encourage moral life as described in the Eightfold Path

20. Animism
belief that a soul or spirit existed in every object, even if it was inanimate (nonliving)
Found in traditional African cultures and Native American cultures

21. Shinto Focus on the importance & power of nature
Idea of kami (spirit) contained in all objects
                                                                   

22. Judaism Religion of the Hebrews monotheistic
Belief in the covenant; promise made between Yahweh (God) & Abraham
Led from slavery in Egypt by Moses (story of the Exodus)
Torah- holy scriptures (first 5 books of the Old testament)

23. Christianity Based largely in the Jewish tradition
Jesus of Nazareth believed to be Messiah
holy scripture- New Testament –Gospels
Various divisions and sects have developed
Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Protestant faiths

24. Islam Founded by Muhammad
Principles of the 5 Pillars- guidelines for life
Faith in Allah
Almsgiving
Pray 5x a day towards Mecca
Hajj to Mecca
Fast during Ramadan
Two major sects- Shi’ite & Sunni

25. Muhammad Founder of Islam Teaches idea of monotheism
His words become the writings of the holy book;
The Koran (Quran)
See Islam slide for specifics

26. Interdependence
Term that highlights the reliance that cultures have on one another
Particularly true in modern world; limited resources require greater cooperation on the part of individual nations so that all people have access to needed materials
Also demonstrated by early societies where success of society depended on everyone fulfilling their roles

27. Barter When goods / services are used as the method of exchange
Ex: A carpenter repairs a house in exchange for food that the farmer grows
***Most often found in early cultures where there is no established currency

28. Manorialism
Also known as feudalism, the manor system and the system of loyalties
An economic system where two parties sign a contract agreeing to certain obligations
Ex: land in exchange for military service
Popular in Medieval Europe and 16th & 17th century Japan

29. Monarchy
Political system where a single ruler, presumably from a noble family, runs the government
Most common political system in early civilizations
EX- Egypt, Chinese Dynasties

30. Democracy Political system where power is in the hands of the citizens
Athens was a direct democracy
The Roman Republic was a representative democracy (model for U.S. constitution)

31. Industrialization
Refers to the increase in technology and mechanization; particularly the period of growth in Europe in the mid-1700’s

32. Greece Achievements in math, science, philosophy, art, architecture
City-state structure
Athenian democracy
Alexander the Great

33. Rome Begins as a city-state, republic Expands to Empire
Civil War leads to imperial government
Pax Romana
Roads, cities, aqueducts, architecture
Influence of law
rise of Christianity

34. Byzantine Empire
Eastern half of the Roman Empire (Greek language & culture)
Enjoy benefit of Mediterranean trade
Constantinople (New Rome)
“warehouse” of Greco-Roman culture
1054- The Great Schism establishes separate Greek church
                                                 

35. Specific Terms and People
Know what they are and why they’re important !!!!!!

36. Gold for Salt Trade
West Africans trade gold resources for North African salt; dietary necessity
Trek through desert is difficult one; often done at night to avoid brutal temperatures
Main path of cultural diffusion between West Africa & Mediterranean world in the 9th and 10th centuries

37. Feudalism/ system of loyalties/manorialism
See earlier slide under
General terms

38. Guilds
Economic organizations created to control product distribution (merchant guilds) or product quality (craft guild)
Become important community organizations
Apprentice/ journeyman
(coat of arms for each guild)

39. Magna Carta Signed in 1215 between King John and nobles
Established the Great Council
Basic democratic political rights were established (though not applied to all citizens)

40. Genghis Khan Known as Temujin Establishes world’s largest empire
Writes the Yasa (Mongol law code)
Reorganizes the military
Takes title of Khan (emperor)

41. Martin Luther Wrote the 95 theses
Criticized sale of indulgences and other corrupt practices of church officials
Excommunicated from RCC
Translates bible into German for commoners to read
“Father of the Reformation”

42. John Calvin Critical of corruption of church leaders
Believed in Predestination
Elect of God
Associated with the “Puritan Work Ethic”
“The devil looks for idle hands.”

43. Henry VIII
Seeks annulment from wife; breaks from RCC and makes himself head of Anglican Church
Six marriages
solidifies position as political and religious leader
Establishes English navy
Follows “Balance of Power’ idea in foreign policy

44. Johannes Gutenberg Inventor of the Printing Press
Revolutionizes spread of information for Europeans
Combines block printing with a grape press
Particularly important to Martin Luther in 1520’s

45. Renaissance Europe’s “Golden Age”
Time where people are encouraged to question tradition
(see slide on Humanism)
- inspired by economic changes taking place in post-Crusades Europe, dissolution of the manor system and the growth of towns

46. Reformation Refers to the religious “revolution” of the 1500’s
Splinter groups break away from the Catholic Church (Luther, Calvin, Henry VIII)
Outgrowth of the Renaissance spirit to question ideas and beliefs; even in religion

47. Christopher Columbus
Explorer; sails for Spain seeking western route to Asia
Lands in modern-day Dominican Republic
Conflict over his place in history (hero v. villain debate)
Opens the Americas to 15th century Europe

48. Age of Exploration Time period beginning in mid-1400’s
Europeans begin to explore, seeking new trade routes
Leads to increased contact between Europeans, Asians, Africans and Native Americans
a.k.a. The Age of Discovery

49. Commercial Revolution
Term that describes the dramatic changes in economics and business as a result of the Age of Exploration
Growth of joint-stock companies
Development of Mercantilist system

50. Mercantilism
System where colonies provide raw materials for mother country who, in turn, produces manufactured products and sells them abroad
Relies on imperialism and exploitation of colonies
Common economic system during Age of Exploration/ Commercial Revolution

51. Conquistadors Spanish term for ‘conquerors’
Generally applied to Cortes’ victory over the Aztecs and Pizzaro’s defeat of the Incas

52. Tokugawa Shogunate
Ruling family of Shoguns (leader of feudal society) from
Maintained feudal structure
Brought peace and stability to Japan
Forcibly “closed” Japan to the world
Isolation will limit technological progress
                                     
Tokugawa Ieyasu

53. Code of the Bushido Bushido -"the way of the warrior“
code of ethics observed by the warrior noblemen, or samurai, of feudal Japan.
Like the rules of chivalry that prevailed in medieval Europe
Bushido became a written code in the 16th century.

54. Forbidden City Established as new capital of the Ming Dynasty
Access denied to all but the emperor’s inner circle
Symbolic of separation between Rulers and subjects

55. Spanish Armada
Legendary fleet sent to attack Elizabeth’s England in 1588; Spanish fleet suffers huge losses
Doomed by bad weather, faster English ships
Marks the end of Spanish mastery of the sea; England is new “Mistress of the Sea”
                                                                                                                                  

56. Balance of Power Foreign policy followed by Elizabeth I (England)
Belief that security/peace will only be achieved if no one nation is too powerful
side with the weaker nation to offset inequality of power.

57. Divine Right Belief that power to rule came from God
Kings were God’s lieutenants on Earth
Suggests ultimate superiority of monarchs
Comparable to Chinese “Mandate of Heaven”

58. Absolutism
Political philosophy in which all power rests in the hands of a single, absolute, ruler
Embodied by Louis XIV of France or Peter the Great of Russia

59. Louis XIV French King (1660-1715)
Vast expense to create Versailles depletes treasury
Debt will be paid for generations to come
Palace is symbol of both glory of France and the excesses of the monarchy
Perfect example of the absolute monarch
Persecutes Huguenots
(French Protestants)
                                                            

60. Peter the Great Russian Czar (1689-1725)
Seeks to modernize Russia in Europe’s image
Remembered for “W”’s
Westernization
Warm-water port
Window on the West
*St. Petersburg

61. See slide under general terms
Humanism
See slide under general terms

62. Hints:
Read summaries at the end of each chapter in your textbook; Connections Across Time
Print out copies of the slides that you don’t know and use them as notes
Remember to study topics for their significance, not just their definition
Get a good night’s sleep before the exam
Bring pens and sharpened pencils