1. What next?
By Anadika Paul Baghel

2. Fly-By-Wireless

3. Fly-By-Wireless

4. …a possibility?
Fly-By-Wireless…

5. Mechanical Flight Controls
Cockpit Control Stick
Tension cables
Ropes
Chains
Pulleys
Mechanical Linkages

6. Hydraulic Flight Controls
Cockpit Control Stick
Mechanical Circuit
Hydraulic Circuit
Mechanical Linkages
Hydraulic Actuators

7. Fly-By-Wire System Electronic Interface Autopilot
Cockpit Control Stick
Fly-By-Wire System
Autopilot
Hydraulic Actuators
Electronic Interface
Autopilot
FMS
Electrical Cables

8. Why? WEIGHT LOSS To reduce power consumption
I need to lose weight!
To reduce power consumption
To increase flight efficiency
To reduce costs
To increase revenue
Why?
WEIGHT LOSS

9. Wire fabrication and installation cost =
Numbers…
Total wire count = ~ 100,000 cables
Total wire length = 470 km
Total weight of wires (only) = 5,700 kg
Total weight of harnesses = ~ 30%
Airbus A320 = $14 Million
Boeing B787 = $50 Million
Airbus A380 production delays and cost overruns = $2 Billion
Approximate wire weight of A380 = 7 tons!
Wire fabrication and installation cost =
$2000 per kg
2-5%
of A/C Weight

10. WIRE AGING ELECTRICAL FAILURE
Why?
B767
B777
WIRE AGING
ELECTRICAL FAILURE

11. Wire Aging looks like this…

12. United 811
1989

13. TWA 800
1996

14. Swissair 118
1998

15. Major Issues with Wiring Systems
Failures of Wires and Connectors
Performance
Direct Costs
Cost of Flexibility of Vehicle Design
Cost of Data not obtained
Cost of Vehicle Resources
Cost of Change / Inflexibility
The Price of Copper
Cost of late Changes

16. Fly-By-WireLESS System
Cockpit Control Stick
Autopilot
Fly-By-WireLESS System
Hydraulic Actuators
FMS
WIRELESS
Data Transmission

17. Current Wired Avionics System
Avionics Computer System
AFDX
Sensors
Avionics Subsystem
End System
End System
CAN / ARINC429
Actuators
Avionics Computer System
Sensors
Avionics Subsystem
End System
CAN / ARINC429
Actuators
Avionics Computer System

18. Characteristics of the Current Wired Avionics System
AFDX Network = 100 Mbps
CAN bus = 1Mbps
ARINC429 bus = 100 Kbps
Reliability
Availability
Failure < 10 −9 per flight hour
Security
Data Confidentiality
Data Integrity
Data Authentication
Cope with harsh physical conditions
Characteristics of the Current Wired Avionics System

19. Current Wired Avionics System
Backbone Networks
PHY Layer
Data Rate per Link
≥ 100 Mbps
Subnetwork Size
50 – 80 Nodes
Range (meters)
4–6 for each Avionic Bay;
≥ 6 for 2 Avionics Bay
Topology
Peer-to-Peer
Network Pattern
Any, Multicast
MAC Layer
Mechanism
Contention Free Access
Delay
End-to-end Delay Guarantee
Reliability
End-to-end Reliability Guarantee
Energy
No Specific Limitations on Power Consumption

20. Fly-By-WireLESS Commercial Off-the-Shelf Technology
New Wireless Technology for Avionics Systems
Fly-By-WireLESS

21. Current Off-the-Shelf Tech
Standard
802.11n
HR-UWB
60 GHz
Max Range (m) 30
Frequency Bands
2.4, 5 GHz
Bandwidth
20/40 MHz
Non-Overlap Channels 3
LoS Requirement No
Max. Data Rate (Mbps)
600
Encryption
RC4, AES
Topology
Ad-Hoc, Infrastructure
MAC Protocol
CSMA/CA DCF, PCF
Standard
802.11n
HR-UWB
60 GHz
Max Range (m) 30 10
Frequency Bands
2.4, 5 GHz
3.1 – 10.6 GHz
Bandwidth
20/40 MHz
500 MHz – 7.5 GHz
5 – 7 GHz
Non-Overlap Channels 3 14 1
LoS Requirement No
Yes
Max. Data Rate (Mbps)
600
110(10m)/200(6m)/480(2m)
3000
Encryption
RC4, AES
AES NA
Topology
Ad-Hoc, Infrastructure
Peer-to-Peer
MAC Protocol
CSMA/CA DCF, PCF
TDMA or CSMA/CA HCF
TDMA
Standard
802.11n
HR-UWB
60 GHz
Max Range (m) 30 10
Frequency Bands
2.4, 5 GHz
3.1 – 10.6 GHz
Bandwidth
20/40 MHz
500 MHz – 7.5 GHz
Non-Overlap Channels 3 14
LoS Requirement No
Max. Data Rate (Mbps)
600
110(10m)/200(6m)/480(2m)
Encryption
RC4, AES
AES
Topology
Ad-Hoc, Infrastructure
Peer-to-Peer
MAC Protocol
CSMA/CA DCF, PCF
TDMA or CSMA/CA HCF
Standard
802.11n
HR-UWB
60 GHz
Max Range (m)
Frequency Bands
Bandwidth
Non-Overlap Channels
LoS Requirement
Max. Data Rate (Mbps)
Encryption
Topology
MAC Protocol

22. Wireless Technologies Vs. Avionics Requirements
ECMA-368
(HR-UWB)
IEEE c
(60 GHz)
Determinism
PCF (Yes)
DCF (No)
TDMA (Yes)
PCA (No)
Yes
Reliability
Medium
Security
High NA
EMC Susceptibility
Low
ECMA-368
(HR-UWB)
Determinism
TDMA (Yes)
PCA (No)
Reliability
Medium
Security
High
EMC Susceptibility
Low
Enhanced acknowledgement mechanism
(ACK & NACK)
PBS - Pairwise Bandwidth Synchronization
Precision = 200 ns
Freq. Bands 9, 10, 11 Available

23. Hybrid Architecture Wired + Wireless Gateway Gateway Giga Switch
(band 11)
Gateway
(band 9)
Gateway
(band 10)
Hybrid
Architecture
Wired +
Wireless

24. WAIC
Wireless
Avionics
Intra-
Communications

25. 30% wires can be replaced with wireless
WAIC
Increase efficiency & reliability
Maintain the data security
Design specifications to satisfy wireless avionics requirements
Safety related applications
Low transmission power
30% wires can be replaced with wireless

26. WAIC Develop Quantum Communication Technology
Successfully reserved frequency bandwidth in WRC-2015 to develop Wireless Avionics Network Technology

27. Fly-By-Wireless

28. What next?

29. …Questions?
Fly-By-Wireless…