1. Essential Question:
How did Jefferson’s presidency change American government, territory, & foreign policy?
Warm-Up Question:
How will the fact that Jefferson was a Democratic-Republican influence his policies as America’s third president?
Lesson Plan for

2. The period of time in U.S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800-1860)
Early Antebellum ( )
American nationalism
Age of the “common man”
Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton,” market economy
Late Antebellum ( )
Manifest Destiny into the West
Sectionalism divided North & South

3. Jefferson’s defeat of Adams is often called the “Revolution of 1800”:
For the first time, a new political party took the presidency
Jefferson’s presidency marked the start of nearly 30 years of political dominance by the Democratic-Republicans
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
Jefferson Video

4. Jefferson as President
As a Democratic-Republican, Jefferson tried to reverse Federalist policies & reduce the size & cost of the national gov’t:
He reduced the size of the army
Cut back Hamilton’s financial plan by ending all excise taxes & allowing the charter of the Bank of the U.S. to expire

5. Jefferson believed that America should be an “agrarian republic” that protects liberty

6. “Midnight Judges”
Before leaving office, President Adams appointed numerous Federalist judges to federal courts
John Marshall became chief justice to the Supreme Court
Over the next 30 years, John Marshall strengthened the power of the national gov’t & the Supreme Court

7. The Legacy of John Marshall
In each of these cases, John Marshall helped strengthen the power of the national gov’t over the states or protected citizens from the power of their state gov’ts
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Cohens v. Virginia (1821)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)

8. Marbury v. Madison
Jefferson invalidated as many of Adams’ midnight judges as possible
One judge, William Marbury, sued claiming that the president could not overturn an act of Congress
The case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review giving the Supreme Court the power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional

9. Judicial Review

10. The United States in 1800
In 1800, Napoleon reclaimed Louisiana from Spain, but by 1803, he needed money to fund his European war & offered to sell Louisiana
From 1800 to 1810, the population grew by 2 million people, thousands flooded into the west, & 3 new states were added to the USA
Ohio (1803)
Kentucky (1792)
Tennessee (1796)
Americans were flooding into the “west”

11. The Louisiana Purchase (1803)
As a “strict constructionist” Jefferson did not know if he had the Constitutional power to buy Louisiana but he did it anyway
In 1803, Jefferson authorized the Louisiana Purchase from France for $15 million
Lewis & Clark were sent by Jefferson to map & explore this new territory; Their findings revealed an abundance of natural resources for America

12. Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804

13. Jefferson’s Legacy
Jefferson came into office trying to reduce the size & power of the national government, but:
By buying Louisiana, he expanded government power beyond that of the Constitution
He encouraged Congress to create an “embargo” (no trade) to punish England & France for violating U.S. free trade

14. Napoleon’s Empire
Americans smuggled & Jefferson had to increase the size of gov’t to enforce the embargo
Jefferson’s embargo was a “pain in the rear end” because it hurt Americans more than it hurt the English or French

15. Warm- Up Why were the Alien and Sedition Acts passed?
What was Jefferson's response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Describe what it said.
What is going on between the United States, Britain, and France?

16. James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
James Madison won the presidency in 1808 & 1812
Madison was the architect of the Constitution, was elected to Congress, & served as Jefferson’s VP
Madison continued the dominance of the Democratic-Republican Party & tried to continue Jefferson’s policies of limited national gov’t

17. “Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry
The War of 1812
Unfortunately, the war between England & France continued to cause problems for Americans:
England & France continued to violate American free trade
The British navy continued to “impress” American merchants
Many Congressmen, called “War Hawks” demanded war with Britain to defend U.S. honor
“Free Trade & Sailors' Rights” was a popular battle cry

19. Patriotism surged as War Hawks claimed the War of 1812 the “Second American Revolution”
Madison eventually gave in & asked Congress for a declaration of war in June 1812
Federalists opposed the War of 1812 due to fear that they might lose to England

20. The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
The War of (1812—1814)
The British attacked & burned Washington, DC…
The U.S. was not ready to fight when the war began
Had a weak navy & poorly trained army
The war went badly at first
…and laid siege to Baltimore where Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner”

21. The War of (1812—1814)
Even though Britain was winning, they were fighting Napoleon’s army in Europe & wanted to end the war in America quickly

22. The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero
The War of (1812—1814)
The Americans were led by Andrew Jackson who became a national hero
In 1814, Britain & U.S. signed the Treaty of Ghent ending the war
Before news arrived, the Americans won the Battle of New Orleans
The victory at New Orleans led many Americans to feel as though they won the war

23. Hartford Convention
Federalist/New England States met in secret in Hartford, Connecticut
Discussed amendments to the constitution to prevent future trade limitations and possible succession
Before they could deliver their demands, the treaty of Ghent was signed, making the Federalist party look ridiculous and essentially ending the party

24. Treaty of Ghent
Treaty of Ghent ended the war, but it did not address trade rights or other causes of the war 27

25. Effects of the War of 1812 Effects of the War of 1812:
Americans were united in a sense of nationalism, believing that they had beaten the British
America entered an “Era of Good Feelings” with a popular president & booming national economy
End of Federalist Party

26. Warm-Up What are the 2 sides of the War of 1812.
Explain 2 causes of the War of 1812.
What battle is fought after the Treaty of Ghent is signed?
What is the effect of the war of 1812 on the nation?

27. To promote national unity To promote America’s power in the world
George Washington
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
James Madison
James Monroe
John Q. Adams
Andrew Jackson
James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 with a clear set of goals:
To promote national unity
To promote America’s power in the world
Monroe was a Democratic-Republican, but by 1816 the Federalists were so weak that the Republicans could do almost anything

28. The Era of Good Feelings
After the War of 1812, America experienced an “Era of Good Feelings” from 1815 to 1825:
Monroe & the Republicans in Congress used this time to promote American nationalism
Nationalism—the interests of the USA should be placed ahead of regional interests

29. American Nationalism
Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:
Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states

30. American Nationalism
John Marshall ( ) used the Supreme Court to strengthen the power of the national gov’t:

31. American Nationalism
Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:
Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states
Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West

32. The American System
In 1816, Congressman Henry Clay proposed the American System to unify the economies of the North, South, & West
Created a 2nd Bank of the U.S.
Created a tariff to promote U.S. industry & limit the importation of British manufactured goods
A nat’l system of roads & canals

33. Transportation by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
The American System allowed the USA to create a national market economy for the 1st time
Western farms grew grains & raised livestock that fed the nation
Transportation by 1840: Rivers, Roads, Canals, & Railroads
Northern factories made manufactured goods that were sold throughout the country
We’ll talk about this “market revolution” more in-depth later this unit. This is just a preview in order to understand the importance of Henry Clay’s American System. The emphasis here is on the politics of the era, which should help students understand how the national government promoted a national market economy that, by the 1810s, had emerged as strong regional economies due to new technological innovations (cotton gin, interchangeable parts, Singer sewing machines, Slater mills, McCormick reaper, Deere steel plow, etc.) Again, we’ll discuss these details in the next set of notes.
Southern cotton was used in northern textiles factories

34. Settlement of the Trans-Mississippi
After the War of 1812, Americans flooded into the West; By 1840 over 1/3 of the population lived in the West
This economic & territorial growth created a need to settle America’s national boundaries
Congress quickly admitted 5 new states to the Union:
Indiana (1816)
Illinois (1818)
Alabama (1819)
Mississippi (1817)
Louisiana (1812)

35. American Nationalism
Monroe & the Republicans in Congress promoted nationalism & American unity in 3 ways:
Gov’t: Increasing the power of the national gov’t over the states
Economy: Encourage industry & build better transportation to link the South, North, & West
Foreign Policy: Expanding U.S. borders & increasing America’s role in world affairs

36. In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty
American Nationalism
President Monroe & his Secretary of State John Quincy Adams used foreign policy to promote nationalism & territorial expansion
In 1819 the USA gained Florida from Spain with the Adams-Onis Treaty
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) that ceded Florida & Oregon to U.S.
In 1818, Monroe & British leaders agreed to establish the US/Canada border set at the 49º

37. Nationalist Foreign Policy
When Latin American nations gained independence, the U.S. supported the new republics:
Monroe did not want Europeans re-colonizing in Latin America
Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations that the USA would protect the Western Hemisphere & that the U.S. would not interfere in Europe

39. Sectionalism
The Era of Good Feelings was a time of nationalism, but there were problems between North & South
Sectionalism—when regional interests are placed above national interests
Northerners & Southerners disagreed over slavery, national taxes, & the role of national gov’t
These disagreements dominated politics from 1820 to 1860

40. Missouri Compromise
When Missouri applied to become a U.S. state, sectionalism emerged
Missouri wanted to become a slave state, like the South
Northerners did not want to see Southern slave states increase their power in the national gov’t
If Missouri entered as a slave state, the South would have 2 more Senators than the North
Because of the 3/5 Compromise, the South had more members of the House of Representatives
President Monroe was from Virginia, so the South controlled the presidency too

41. In 1820, Henry Clay negotiated the Missouri Compromise
Maine broke from Massachusetts & became a free state
Missouri became a slave state
Slavery was outlawed in all western territories above the latitude of 36°30'

42. Monroe Doctrine
You and your partner will each read ½ of the Monroe Doctrine.
Read through your half-once
Read through a second time and write down 4 key ideas
Share with your partner

43. Review Summary of the Event (20) Causes of the Event (10)
Effects of the Event (10)
3 Images related to your event (10)
2 Quotes related to your event and a description of what each quote means (20)
Present Information to the Class (30)

44. Warm-Up What are the 3 goals of the American system?
What is the difference between Sectionalism and Nationalism?

45. Monroe Doctrine On a piece of Loose-leaf
Using the Monroe Doctrine and the Article entitled “Monroe Doctrine, 1823” answer the following
Who, What, When, Where, Why

46. Election of 1824 “The Corrupt Bargain!”
Candidates included:
Sec of State John Quincy Adams- had little popular appeal
Speaker of the House Henry Clay- had personal following and strong program in the “American System” to strengthen home industry and Bank
Andrew Jackson little political experience but a military hero and TN allies

47. Election of 1824
Jackson received more popular and electoral votes than other candidates but not majority, Twelfth Amendment (passed after contested 1800 election) required House of Reps to choose among top three candidates
Clay threw endorsement behind Adams b/c Jackson a political rival in West and Adams was a Nationalism and would likely support the American System
In return, Adams Made Clay the Secretary of State
This agreement is known as “The Corrupt Bargain”

48. Features of JQ Adams Presidency
Adams proposed nationalist program reminiscent of Clay’s American System but Jacksonians in Congress blocked most of it.

49. JQA
Southerners in Congress blocked delegates to international conference called by Simon Bolivar in Panama in 1826 b/c Haiti was sending black delegates

50. JQA
Georgia wished to remove remaining Creek and Cherokee Indians from state to gain more land for cotton planters. Adams did not support the removal of the natives. Governor defied president and proceeded w/ removal.

51. JQA Passed the “Tarriff of Abominations”
A tax to protect goods made in the Northeast
Was hated by southern states because it did not benefit them and increased the price of goods they purchased