1. objectives To differentiate between primary and secondary ageing.
Distinguish usual from successful aging.
Classifications of ageing.
Describe the major age-associated changes in human physiology and different body systems.

2. What is Aging? r

3. Aging is not a disease occurs at different rates
among individuals
within individuals
does not generally cause symptoms

4. PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING “Age is an issue of mind over matter.
If you don't mind, it doesn't matter."
Mark Twain
( ) SO
“You're Only As Old As You Feel”

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ELDERLY
Young-old: This group consists of the populations between 65 and 75 years of age.
Middle-old: The populations between 75 and 85 years of age
Old-old: This group comprises of the populations older than 85 years of age.

7. Overview of Aging Physiology
Skin
Body Composition
Vision
Special Senses
Nervous System
Musculoskeletal System
Renal GI
Cardiovascular

8. Aging Skin
Source Undetermined

9. Source Undetermined

11. Cardiovascular System
The decrease in cardiovascular functional capacity with advancing age is a consequence of primary and secondary aging. Primary aging is due to progressive and inevitable structural and functional deterioration in the cardiovascular system over time. Secondary aging is attributed to chronic diseases, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and to physical inactivity.

12. The Cardiac Cycle Cardiac Cycle
Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)

14. Changes in Cardiovascular Physiology
Changes in cardiac output (CO):
Maximal heart rate decreased with aging (max. heart rate = age)
Increased end-diastolic and end-systolic left ventricular volumes
Diastolic dysfunction
Decreased early diastolic filling
Increased reliance on atrial contraction
Increased vulnerability to congestive heart failure, especially with atrial fibrillation
Decreased compliance of peripheral blood vessels
predisposes to systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy of heart
Increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Increased incidence of degeneration of cardiac conduction system

16. cardiac output drops.
the heart rate slows.
The stroke volume declines .
Calcium is progressively deposited in areas around the valves of the heart.
Fibrous tissue begins to replace muscle tissue throughout the cardiovascular system.

17. The walls of the heart become thicker (hypertrophy) without an increase in the size of the atrial or ventricular chambers. Overall, circulation is impaired

18. Summary: Age-associated changes in cardiovascular physiology
Maintenance of resting left ventricular function.
Decreased ability to compensate for stress or impaired LV function.
Blunted heart rate response to exercise requires a compensatory increase in stroke volume to increase cardiac output.

20. Musculoskeletal system
30% loss in muscle mass 3rd to 8th decade - sarcopenia.
Osteoarthritis
weight bearing (spine/knees)
repeated strain
Osteopenia/-porosis (80% women >65 y/o osteopenia)
decreased activity, dietary calcium, estrogen withdrawal

21. Musculoskeletal Changes
Decrease in muscle weight relative to total body weight
Changes in water content of cartilage
Bone loss in both sexes but more pronounced in women

22. Musculoskeletal system:
1- Bone density progressively decreases in both sexes, but more rapidly in women. 2-decline in sex hormones and aging itself both contribute to the loss of bone density. ** In men, testosterone. **In women, due to loss of estrogen.

23. young persons, 30% of body weight is muscle, 20% is adipose tissue, and 10% is bone.
By age 75, about 15% of body weight is muscle, 40% is adipose tissue, and 8% is bone.
progressive loss of muscle bulk and strength.
muscle atrophy and weakness, joint stiffness.
contain less contractile tissue and more non-contractile tissue (fat and connective tissue) results in a decreased force production capability.

24. Neuromuscular Reduced propioceptive information
Delayed nerve conduction
Reduced numbers of motor neurons
Reduced fast twitch fibers
Reduced muscle mass

25. Changes in Strength with Aging
Opening the cap on a jar:
Completed by 92% of men and women between 40 – 60 years of age
Completed by 32% of men and women between years of age

26. Age-Associated Factors- Nervous System
CNS: decrease in nerve cell number
basal ganglia atrophy
 dopamine and muscular rigidity
 step height
 reaction time
PNS: decreased vibratory sensation
Gray’s Anatomy, wikimedia commons

27. Nervous system: 45% loss of cells in certain areas of the brain.
an average 6-7 percent reduction in the weight of the brain.
decreased blood flow to the brain.
Oxygen consumption drops reduction in nerve velocity (speed of impulse conduction) occur.

28. loss of proprioception and vibration sense,and slowed reaction time
loss of proprioception and vibration sense,and slowed reaction time. position instability, gait disturbance high risk of falling.
nerve roots compression have significantly weaker leg muscle strength, and poorer balance control.

29. As a result of these changes, the elderly patient may experience slowed reflexes, decreased pain perceptions, decreased sense of equilibrium, and decreased perception of touch and temperature. Many of these changes contribute to the increased incidence of falls and injuries

30. Changes in Pulmonary Physiology

31. Respiratory System
decrease in the size and strength of the muscles used for respiration.
The diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the alveolar membrane also decreases as more and more alveolar surfaces degenerate.

32. The cough and gag reflexes decrease, thus preventing adequate clearing of substances from the airway and allowing respiratory infections to develop

33. For older people this means:
Poor effort tolerance
Greater susceptibility to infections
Pneumonia TB
Viral Infections

34. Factors affecting aging of facial features
Smoking
Exposure to sun
Use of alcohol
BMI
BMI = kg/m²
<18.5 = Underweight
= Normal
= Overweight
30 or more = Obesity

35. Changes in Auditory and Visual Function with Age
Sensorineural hearing loss
The lens decreases its elasticity and becomes less mobile.
Cataracts may develop.
Loss of fat in the eyelids and reduced tone of the levator muscle causes drooping (ptosis) of the eyelid.

36. What is your vision like with cataract?

37. Glaucoma

38. Diabetic Neuropathy

39. Hearing Loss

40. For older people this means:
Chronic pain
Decrease in functional ability contributing to morbidity
Lack of independence leading to decreases in quality of life

41. AGING PROCESS Normal Part of Life. Begins around …….. age 30.
“If I'd known I was gonna live this long, I'd have taken better care of myself.”
Eubie Blake ( )
American Jazz Musician

43. Rather than seeking permission to exercise, you should have to get permission to be sedentary.

44. Thank u