1. LAT Technology Modeling
SGS 26/11/2014, Brussels

2. List of Technologies 2

3. Downspeeding – Downsizing – Displacement Difference
Application vehicle segments
All conventional (non hybrid) vehicles (=23)
Modeling concept
Downspeeding: Considered with the manual transmission variation
Downsizing: Modify engine map/motoring curve (?)
Displacement difference
Reduce engine displacement by max. 0.4l
Implementation of different engine map/motoring curve
Additional impacts/needs to be considered, e.g. change gear ratios?
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle with original and downsized engine (=2)
Simulate vehicle with a lower capacity engine by max. 0.4l (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
No data (perhaps modified engine maps) have been provided 3

4. Lean burn Application vehicle segments Modeling concept
Gasoline vehicles only, GDI engines (=5)
Audi A6 3.0, 4WD
Audi A4 1.8 TFSI
BMW 116i
VW Polo 1.2 TSI
Mercedes E350
Modeling concept
FC variation in the engine map region where lean-burn strategy is effective
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle w/ and w/o out this technology (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Daimler has agreed to provide delta FC map 4

5. VVT – Vanos – Valvetronic
Application vehicle segments
Gasoline vehicles only (=14)
BMW gasoline vehicles (116i, 328i) have Valvetronic
FIAT vehicles have Multiair
VW Polo 1.2 TSI, SMART for Two, Audi A4, Volvo V40, VW Sharan, Ford Focus
Toyota Avensis (?)
Modeling concept
Delta FC map already provided and will be implemented in the simulation of Valvetronic
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle w/ and w/o out this technology (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
BMW has already provided delta FC map 5

6. Cylinder management Application vehicle segments Modeling concept
Gasoline vehicles only, non-hybrid ones (=8)
Not applicable to vehicles with Valvetronic (e.g. BMW)
VW Polo 1.2 TSI, SMART for Two, Audi A4, Volvo V40, VW Sharan, Ford Focus, Mercedes E350
Toyota Avensis (?)
Modeling concept
Delta FC in the engine map region where cylinder deactivation is effective
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle w/ and w/o out this technology (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Audi has agreed to provide delta FC map 6

7. Start-stop Application segments Modeling concept Technology variations
All conventional (non-hybrid) vehicles (=23)
Modeling concept
Simulate according to OEM strategy (minimum vehicle speed), OR
Use a generally accepted value for minimum vehicle speed
Always use idle fuel consumption when idling and not FC map
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle w/ and w/o out this technology (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Opel and BMW have supported this technology 7

8. Energy recuperation Application segments Modeling concept
All conventional (non-hybrid) vehicles (=23)
Modeling concept
Simulate according to OEM strategy, OR
Use a generalized strategy for alternator activation
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle w/ and w/o out this technology (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
BMW has given the pathways for the simulation of this technology 8

9. Manual transmission Application segments Modeling concept
All manual transmission vehicles (=14)
Modeling concept
Implement gear number and ratios calculated by the JRC/Audi gearbox tool
Technology variations
Variation of gear ratios with constant number of gears (=3), AND
Variation of number of gears (=3)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Audi has supported the development of the gearbox tool 9

10. Automatic transmission
Application vehicle segments
All automatic transmission vehicles (=9)
Modeling concept
Implement gear number and ratios calculated by the JRC/Audi gearbox tool
A clear decision for the simulation of the gearbox strategy should be made
If the original strategy is available, it should be modified somehow in the case that the number of gears is varied
If the original strategy is not available, simulate the vehicle as manual, with the strategy derived by the measurements
Application of Steven tool?
Technology variations
Variation of gear ratios with constant number of gears (=3), AND
Variation of number of gears (=3)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Audi has supported the development of the gearbox tool 10

11. 2WD/4WD Application segments Modeling concept Technology variations
All 4WD vehicles considered in the study (correlation, validation and complementary studies)
Modeling concept
This technology will be evaluated only experimentally
An empirical formula/coefficient may then be derived
Technology variations
4WD vehicles tested also as 2WD
Data provided by supporting OEM
BMW has supported this technology 11

12. EGR Gasoline Application segments Modeling concept
Gasoline vehicles only (=14)
Modeling concept
Modified engine map – Preferred approach
Possible overall general correction – Simplified approach
Technology variations
Simulate gasoline vehicle with and without EGR (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
No data have been provided by VW 12

13. Thermal management Application segments Modeling concept
All conventional (non-hybrid) vehicles (=23)
Modeling concept
Variation of the cold start modeling in Cruise
Variation of gearbox temperature development after cold-start, only if:
multiple gearbox losses maps are available
gearbox temperature at one cold cycle has been measured
Technology variations
Faster and slower engine warm-up after cold-start (=3)
Faster and slower gearbox warm-up after cold-start (=3)
Data provided by supporting OEM
The simulation approach is a LAT proposal 13

14. DI/MPI Application segments Modeling concept Technology variations
All conventional gasoline vehicles (=14)
Modeling concept
Implementation of a delta fuel consumption map
Technology variations
Simulate gasoline vehicles as DI or MPI (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
FIAT has not provided any supporting data 14

15. NSC and SCR - EGR Application segments Modeling concept
NSC/SCR and EGR are proposed to considered as one for diesel vehicles
All conventional (non-hybrid) diesel vehicles (=7)
Modeling concept
Overall engine and exhaust aftertreatment modelling – Too complicated and advanced for the purposes of the current project
Delta fuel consumption map – Preferred approach
Overall general correction – Over simplification
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle with and without this technology (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Discussions with Daimler in order to find possible ways to support this activity 15

16. Road Load (aero, RR, weight)
Application segments
All vehicles (=25)
Modeling concept
Run Cruise models with different values for:
Vehicle mass
Road load (F0, F1, F2)
Technology variations
Variation of vehicle mass by ±100kg (=3)
Variation of F0, F1 by ±10% (=3)
Variation of F2 by ±10% (=3)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Audi has developed the road load calculation tool 16

17. Auxiliaries Application segments Modeling concept
All conventional (non-hybrid) vehicles (=23)
Modeling concept
Implementation of an extra FC for alternator, A/C compressor etc.
Technology variations
Simulate vehicle with and without the auxiliaries (=2)
Data provided by supporting OEM
Opel to circulate a list to OEMs with the power demand of each auxiliary device 17

18. Mild/Full hybrid Application segments Modeling concept
Hybrid (not PHEV) vehicles (=2)
Mild hybrid: Toyota Auris
Full hybrid: Toyota Prius (?)
Modeling concept
Variation of the hybrid characteristics
Battery capacity
Electric motor efficiency and maximum torque
Technology variations
Battery capacity ±20% (=3)
Electric motor efficiency and maximum torque ±20% (=6)
Data provided by supporting OEM
PSA has provided some support 18

19. At the first step, each technology will be studied individually
Open Issues
At the case that a vehicle is already equipped with a technology, is it going to be simulated also without this technology?
The answer is probably ‘Yes’, in order to evaluate the technology effect on each vehicle segment
e.g. Opel Astra is equipped with start-stop, but it should be simulated also without start-stop, as other vehicles in this segment may not be equipped with it
At the first step, each technology will be studied individually
As a second step, combinations of technologies will be studied
Some technology combinations do not make sense.
Do we really need a ‘Full Factorial Design’?
How are we going to handle PHEV technologies, since we have not yet concluded on the basic simulation of these vehicles? 19

20. Overall 20