1. Introduction
The Nature of Analytical Chemistry
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

2. *Environmental Importance of Analytical Chemistry.
Qualitative
Quantitative
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

3. *Types of Quantitative analysis
1. Compleete analysis
The amount of each constituent is determined quantitatively.
i.e.. A water sample ………….K,Na,……
2. Partial analysis
The amount of certain selected constituent in a sample is determined
3. Ultimate Analysis
The amount of each element in a sample is determined without regard to the actual compounds or ions present . i.e C%,P%,N% in soil.
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

4. The use of Analytical chemistry : 1. Detection 2. Quantitation
3. Separation
4. Identification
5. Diagnosis
6. Quality Control
7. Research
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

5. *Methods used in Quantitative Analysis
mainly Based on chemical Reaction then measuring certain chemical or physical properties.
Now days, a lot of instruments are a available in this field and a lot of instrumental techniques are used.
I.e..
1. Spectrophotometric ones
2. Chromatography
3. Atomic Absorption
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

6. concentration of solutions and expressions
2 Fundamental Concepts
concentration of solutions and expressions
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

7. *Analytical concentration and equilibrium one.
The analytical concentration: is the total number of grams , moles , normal's ,…….etc, of solute present in a given volume of solution.
In this case nothing is explained about wither or not the solute ionizes in solution.
I.e..
The equilibrium concentration : is the concentration of ions or molecules actually present in the solution and take into accounts the possible dissociation of the solute into ions. It can be indicated by enclosing brackets[ ]
(0.1 M) KCl → 7.45g KCl in 1L.
1M CH3COOH→1 mole acetic acid in 1L.
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

8. *chemical Equations Solute→dissolve in water or other solvent
the solute molecules become solvated by interacting with the solvent.
H+ have high solvating energy and can not be in solution unsolvated , so it is usually present as H3O+ “hydronium ion” but conveniently written as H+
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

9. The equation of all ions: Ag+ +NO3- +Na+ + Cl- →AgCl(s)+Na+ + NO3-
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3
The equilibrium Ag+ + Cl-→AgCl(s)
is representing the reaction taken place ,
since Na+ and NO3- ions remain in the Solution as free ions.
The equation of all ions:
Ag+ +NO3- +Na+ + Cl- →AgCl(s)+Na+ + NO3-
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

10. Many substances exist in solution as mixture of several species
OH CH3COOH→ H2O + CH3COO- (NaOH)
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

11. *sometimes it is difficult to find a single predominating from of a chemical substance.
In this case it is convenient to write the symbol of the reacting element with a Roman numeral to indicating its oxidation state.
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12. The notation Ce(IV) or Cerium(IV)
I.e.. In H2SO4 solution, Cerium is present as a mixture of forms such as:
The notation Ce(IV) or Cerium(IV)
Ce+4 , Ce(OH)+3, Ce(SO4)2 , Ce(SO4)+2, and Ce(SO4)3-2
Dr-Ahmed Mughari

13. ? ? ? ?
Questions? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Dr-Ahmed Mughari