1. Rome: Age of Empire

2. Caesar Augustus
Octavian was victorious at Actium, became Rome's first emperor, and became known as Caesar Augustus
Launches campaigns in Spain, Egypt, the Alps, the Balkans, and Austria
These rounded territories to natural boundaries or cemented control
Also used to cement his legitimacy and loyalty of the army

3. Limited Expansion
Augustus stopped conquests after three legions were destroyed in the Tuetonburg forest
Advised successors to avoid expansion
Generally followed out of respect and the dangers of failure to great a risk

4. A Professional Army
After the Civil Wars there was 500,000 soldiers in 60 legions
Through consolidation and paying off veterans, numbers reduced to 28 legions and 300,000 troops
This included the Imperial Bodyguards, the Praetorian Guard

5. Changes for soldiers Land ownership officially ended
Soldiering became a profession rather than civil service
Service expanded from 6 to 20 years
Land grants at end of service became standard
Made of for poor wages

6. Army and politics Army had a special relationship to the emperor
This inserted them into politics
Army selected and assassinated emperors on occasion
This is partially a result of the importance of military even in Republican Rome

7. Commanders Despite professionalization glory still a huge motivator
Generals were political appointees but commanders were professionals
Commanders acted to exploit commands, allowing generals to be vague

8. Tuetonburg Forest

9. Rome: A golden Age

10. Pax Romana Era or relative peace and stability
Started by Augustus, lasted thru the 5 good emperors
About 150 years
Most troops stations on German and Persian borders
Preferred diplomacy with Perisa (Parthia)

11. Geostrategic Map
There was not a hard line between “civilized” and “barbarian”
Frontiers were porous and Roman influence extended beyond its borders
Border tribes were “Romanized”
Fortified camps were less defensive and more launching pads for offensives

12. Army as an institution
One of the greatest institutions of the pre-modern world.
Names and numbers legions maintained continuity across space and time
Its camps and roads long outlasted the empire
Helped maintain economic prosperity and mostly paid for itself

13. Army and Society Troops became marginalized
Fewer people served
Terms were longer
Posts were farther from Rome
Glory of victory generally went to the emperor
Rewards came in form of promotions within the army
Most imperial advisors therefore civilian rather than military

14. Army at war
Used handbooks, standard marching and standardized mass produced weapons
Tactics changed little but remained reliable late into the empire
Cavalry improved due to foreign levies
North Africa
Offensive tactics used despite mostly defensive in nature
Engineering and siege drastically improved
Use of turtle formation

15. Police Actions Major actions included suppressing revolts
Jewish revolts a good example
Many died
Showed all subjects not happy
Purely defensive actions rare
Invasions generally followed by punitive offenses
Sent a message
Gather plunder
Small scale offenses common for political purposes
Apply pressure
Avenge slights

16. https://www. youtube. com/watch