1. Understanding the challenges associated with replacing Methyl Bromide: tobacco, horticulture and grain storage industries. Dr U. Mazarura, Department of Crop Science, University of Zimbabwe

2. Alternatives Tobacco – metam sodium – 1.3.D and chloropicrin – 1.3.D and MITC – Burning – Float tray system Grain – Phosphine (aluminum phosphide/magnesium phosphide) – Contact insecticide: pirimiphos methyl with permethrin (actellic super ) Cut Flowers – Steam – Chemicals as for tobacco

3. Current consumption Minimal Increases QPS usage (about 21 tons)

4. However, Sustainability challenges (Results from 2011 growers survey) Only11% used the floating tray system although 61% had heard about the technology and could not use it citing the: cost (48%) substrate availability problems, lack of know how (39%) An alarming 74 % sterilized their seedbed by burning wood

5. Challenges are underpinned by: Lack of information on alternatives An increase in the grower base (e.g. Zim 60 000 in 2013). Agro companies unsure of the alternatives market Have maintained traditional nematicides or insecticides. A good number were supplementary chemicals e.g. nematicitdes

6. Challenges are underpinned by: Work and registration of alternatives viewed as risky by traditional players because of market uncertainties In grain phosphine application expensive – sheets, safety equipment Resistance build up is an issue Worker training on safe handling and usage a continual burden

7. Challenges are underpinned by: Single problematic alternative in grain: uncertainties – Needs longer exposure. – Insect resistance – Poor penetration in bulk storage – Less effective on eggs For grain IPM could be the answer of other technologies

8. Solutions Need for training in technology Need for substrate to be available on farm Hence need for use of farm waste Need for documents written for farmer: e.g. technical manuals IPM concept needed by farmers Strengthening poor regulations e.g. in Zim Min. of agric does not know what Min. of environment is doing.

9. Solutions Main stream alternatives into curricula of schools, colleges, universities Build capacity of regulatory personnel