1. Do Now: HW #1: Introduction to the Circulatory System
Aim: How do the circulatory and immune systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Do Now:
HW #1: Introduction to the Circulatory System

2. Lines of defense Barriers 1st line: 2nd line: 3rd line:
broad, external defense
“walls & moats”
skin & mucus membranes
2nd line:
broad, internal defense
“patrolling soldiers”
phagocyte (eating) WBCs
3rd line:
specific, acquired immunity
“elite trained units”
lymphocyte WBCs & antibodies
B & T cells
Barriers
Non-specific patrol
Immune system

3. Inside Blood Vessels . . . Plasma Liquid portion of blood
Dissolved nutrients
Red Blood Cells
Transport oxygen in hemoglobin
White Blood Cells
Large cells with a nucleus
Defenders of the body
Immune System
Platelets
Blood clotting

4. Immune System
Function: Identifies and defends the body against pathogens - microbes
Foreign organisms that cause disease
Bacteria: Meningitis, pneumonia, tuberculosis
Viruses: HIV, flu, chicken pox
Fungi: yeast
Protists: lyme disease, malaria

5. A different antibody will be made for this antigen
Antigens
Specifically shaped proteins on cells that identify foreign substances, such as pathogens, as invaders
A different antibody will be made for this antigen
(pathogen)

6. White Blood Cells Blood cells that are a key part of the immune system
Engulf (eat) microbes/pathogens
Make antibodies

7. antibodies
a pathogen with antigens
White Blood cell producing antibodies

8. The Immune Response
Why do you think there are several different types of cells involved in the process?
How do you think all of these cells are communicating with each other?
What do you notice about how the immune cells recognize pathogens and their markers (antigens)?
Where is all of this actually happening in the body?

9. White Blood Cells Key part of the immune system
Antibodies are specifically shaped proteins, made by white blood cells
Antibodies recognize and detect pathogens by reading their specific antigen

10. What’s Going on Here?

11. 3rd line: Lymphocytes Specific defense responds to specific invaders
B cell
Specific defense
responds to specific invaders
recognizes specific foreign antigens
white blood cells
B cells & antibodies
T cells

12. B cells & antibodies B cells Plasma B cells Memory B cells
white blood cells that attack roaming invaders
Plasma B cells
make antibodies against invader immediately
Memory B cells
remembers invader
can make antibodies quickly the next time
protects you from getting disease more than once

13. White Blood Cells Memory WBC Remembers invader
Can make antibodies quickly the next time
Protects you from getting disease more than once

14. T cells T cells mature in thymus Helper T cells Killer T cells
sounds the alarm for rest of immune system
Killer T cells
destroys infected body cells
Memory T cells
remembers invader & reacts against it again quickly

15. Aim: How does Your Body Become Immune to Disease?
Do Now: Regents Review Questions
HW #3: Vaccinations

16. How was the First Vaccine Developed?
English physician Edward Jenner developed a vaccine against smallpox in 1796.
Armed with the knowledge that milkmaids who had been exposed to cowpox, a relatively mild affliction, didn't come down with smallpox, Jenner intentionally infected an eight-year-old boy with cowpox. Two months later he infected the boy again, this time with smallpox. As Jenner expected, the child didn't come down with the disease -- he was immune.

18. Jonas E. Salk 1914 – 1995 Developed the polio vaccine April 12, 1955
1994: America is polio free
Poliomyelitis (polio) is caused by a virus that enters the body through the mouth. The virus multiplies in the intestine and invades the nervous system. It can cause total paralysis in a matter of hours.
One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis. Among those paralyzed, 5-10 percent die when their breathing muscles are immobilized.
Polio mainly affects children under age 5.
1916 The first major polio epidemic strikes in the United States; 27,000 people suffer paralysis and 6,000 die. Increasing numbers of outbreaks occur each year.
1921 Franklin D. Roosevelt is diagnosed with polio.
1928 Iron lungs are introduced to help patients with acute polio breathe.
1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected President of the United States
1949 Dr. John Enders, Dr. Frederick Robbins and Dr. Thomas Weller develop a way to grow poliovirus in tissue culture, a breakthrough that aided in the creation of the polio vaccine. Their work earned the three scientists the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1954.
1952 The United States reports 57,628 polio cases -- the worst U.S. epidemic on record.
1979 The last U.S. case of polio caused by wild poliovirus is reported.
1988 Worldwide, polio continues to affect some 350,000 people in 125 countries.
1994 The Americas are certified polio-free.
2000 The Western Pacific region is certified polio-free.
2002 Europe is certified polio-free.
April 12, 1955

19. Annotate the graph with the following descriptions:
What is happening from 1950 to 1955?
What is happening from 1955 to 1960?
What is happening from 1962 to 1980?

20. Annotate the graph with the following descriptions:
What is happening from 1930 to 1950?
What is happening from 1950 to 1976?
What is happening from 1976 to 2000?

21. After looking at the two graphs, think about the following questions:
How can we compare the trends found in these two graphs?
What factors do you think impacted the number of cases of polio? Influenza?
Why do the number of cases fluctuate?
Why do you think that there are no longer polio cases in the US, but there are some cases of influenza?

22. NOVA: Vaccines—Calling the Shots | Immunity & Vaccines
How Vaccines Work
Describe the steps that your body takes when building immunity.
Explain why vaccinations are particularly beneficial for infants.
What does the scientist mean when he says that white blood cells would not be “fast enough or smart enough if we hadn’t whipped them along by a prior immunization?”

23. Vaccine Dead or weakened pathogen injected into the body
Stimulates the body to produce antibodies to fight off the pathogen.

25. Immunity
Ability to produce antibodies to identify and destroy pathogens

26. Immune Response
Do you have antibodies when you are FIRST exposed to a specific antigen?
Antibodies are produced AFTER being exposed to a pathogen
Memory B cells (WBC) “remember” the pathogen and are able to produce SPECIFIC antibodies in the future

28. Protecting you from disease
Antibiotics = medicine
advantage
kill bacteria that have successfully invaded you
make you well after being sick
disadvantage
use only after sick
only good against bacteria
possible development of resistance by bacteria (if don’t use correctly)
can get sick again

29. Aim: How does HIV affect the Immune System?
Do Now: Regents Review Questions
HW:

30. HIV – “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
ANTIGEN
Virus that attacks and weakens the immune system.
Infects helper T cells
It is difficult to treat because it constantly mutates, changing its antigens.

31. HIV – “Human Immunodeficiency Virus”
Infects and destroys T-Cells (WBCs)
Virus weakens the immune system.
Causes AIDS
Infected with Opportunistic Diseases
Diseases caused by your body’s inability to defend itself.
Pneumocystic carinii & Kaposi’s sarcoma

32. Contracting HIV Sexual intercourse Blood transfusion
Passed through the placenta
Open wound
Sharing needles - drugs
Do phenolthalein activity

34. 2012

36. Aim: Why Does the Immune System Overact to Certain Stimuli?
Do Now: Regents Question Worksheet
HW:

37. Do Now 6/17
What are allergies?

38. Allergies Production of antibodies against harmless substances
Over-reaction to harmless compounds (allergens)
Proteins on pollen
Proteins from dust mites
Proteins in animal saliva
Body mistakenly thinks they are attackers

39. Allergic Reactions Inflammatory Response
Causes the production of histamines leading to an allergic reaction
Rashes, sneezing, burning eyes, asthma attack

41. Face Transplant Surgery
Surgeons in France have carried out the first face transplant, it has been reported.
The woman had lost her nose, lips and chin after being savaged by a dog. In the controversial operation, tissues, muscles, arteries and veins were taken from a brain-dead donor and attached to the patient's lower face.
Doctors stress the woman will not look like her donor, but nor will she look like she did before the attack - instead she will have a "hybrid" face. It has been technically possible to carry out such a transplant for some years, with teams in the US, the UK and France researching the procedure.
Skin from another person's face is better for transplants as it will be a better match than skin from another part of the patient's body, which could have a different texture or color. But the ethical concerns of a face transplant, and the psychological impact to the patient of looking different has held teams back.
Concerns relating to immunosuppressant, psychological impact and the consequence of technical failure have so far prevented ethical approval of the procedure in the UK, though doctors here are fully able to perform transplants.

42. Why are Organ Transplants Difficult?
Donor organs have their own antigens on the cell membrane.
A recipient’s body identifies these as PATHOGENS.
This is a kidney being removed from a donor

43. How do Recipients React to Transplants?
Transplanted organs are recognized as pathogens and are attacked by the immune system This is known as rejection.
Chance of rejection is
decreased when:
the donor and recipient
are closely related
when anti-rejection
medication is used.

44. Immunosuppressant Drugs
Drugs given to the recipient to reduce the risk of rejection
Gives the transplanted organ time to adjust to it’s new environment without being attacked by the recipient’s immune system.
Use the bubble boy movie – beginning of the movie

45. Why can you only get a specific type of blood when you get a tranfusion?
Antigens, proteins on the surface of RBCs, determine blood type
If you get the wrong antigen, your body will reject it!
There are two types of antigens: A & B

46. Blood Type: Antigens & Antibodies
antigen on RBC
antibodies in blood
donationstatus A
A antigens
anti-B antibodies __ B
B antigens
anti-A antibodies AB
BOTH A & B antigens
no antibodies
universal recipient O
no antigens
anti-A & anti-B antibodies
universal donor
Matching compatible blood groups is CRITICAL for blood transfusions
A person produces antibodies against foreign blood antigens

47. Agglutination
Recipient makes antibodies against the donor’s blood and the blood clots, which can lead to death.
RBCs clump together due to antibody-antigen reaction