1. NACREW 2013 27 August, Quebec Crop protection in cranberry crops and honeybee safety Madeleine Chagnon, entomologist, Ph.D. Jean-Pierre Deland, Agr., M.Sc.

2. SITUATION Severe honeybee losses have been reported up to 3 days after pesticide treatments. Dead honeybees were found in front of hives and in field margins.

3. Insect pollination can increase cranberry fruit yield by 30-50%. To ensure a good production, cranberry producers rent honeybee hives For beekeepers, hive rentals provide very interesting additional income FACTS

4. Photo credit: daamaaextweb.gnb.ca FACTS … on the other hand … during flowering It is important to protect this crop against the Cranberry fruit worm (Acrobasis vaccinii) at risk of losing 20% to 35% of the harvest In organic production, the potential loss can reach up to $ 2800 - $ 5000 per acre. The Blackheaded fireworm( Rhopobota naevana) can also cause considerable dammage

5. This 4 part study aims to find ways to use pesticides registered to control pests in cranberry by ways that can be … safer for honeybees and all pollinators while remaining effective for crop protection OBJECTIVES

6. PART 2. NEW PRODUCTS Test new insecticides registered (or being registered) for cranberry pest control on honeybee safety. PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES Test different methods of applying a pesticide(Entrust) in cranberry so that it can be for bees. PART 3. DRIFT Estimate spraying methods to reduce drift and find the ideal distance from field to place hives.

7. Test different methods of applying a pesticide(Entrust) in cranberry so that it can be safer for all bees. Entrust (Spinosad) treatments 1 : CONTROL (0 g m.a./ha). 2 : USUAL DOSE_ 218 g/ha Entrust (175g m.a./ha) 3 : HALF DOSE_109 g/ha de Entrust (87.4g m.a./ha) (registered) 4 : USUAL DOSE_RINCED_218 g/ha de Entrust (175g m.a./ha) Rinced the next morning during 1 hour. Treatments PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

8. Treatments were done on different fields (or field sections) The 3m X 6m treated plots are covered by a screen house Nuclei with a laying queen, 4 frames of brood and reserves are introduced into each tent. The honeybee colonies were introduced only in covered areas. EXPERIENCE IN CAGED SEMI-FIELD CONDITIONS PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

9. Sprinklers were blocked to prevent rinsing after some treatments Protection of control plots (3m X 6m) during pesticide treatments METHODOLOGY –THE FIELD PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

10. Brood and the number of honeybees: Before and after treatments Number of dead bees in front of the hives Abnormal behaviour of bees was noted (tremor, lethargy, inactivity, overactivity). METHODOLOGY –THE HONEYBEES PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

11. Transport of mini hives (Nuclei) at night ( 5 frames) Installation of shelters in very early morning, after pesticide had dried and before honeybees started foraging PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES METHODOLOGY – THE TRIALS Pesticide treatments after sunset

12. Establishment of 16 plots (3 treatments + 1 control X 4 replicates) PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES METHODOLOGY – THE TRIAL

13. Blackheaded Fireworm: On 100 stems per plot Count small larvae or eggs. Sample taken before treatments, and 7 days after. Yields and fruit damage were estimated by collecting 5 times one square foot, for a total of 0.45 m2 of fruit per plot. Fruits were weighed and measured in the laboratory. Cranberry Fruitworm, On 200 fruits per plot Count the eggs and larvae Yields and pest damage assessments were done as for the Fireworm. METHODOLOGY –FRUIT DAMMAGE PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

14. Two fields (2) Four (4)repetitions for each treatment, in each field Cranberry Fruitworm Twelve (12) plots were used in fields with high infestation Three (3) treatments :Control, Entrust 1X et Entrust 1X rinsed. Blackheaded Fireworm Sixteen (16) plots were samples in fields with low infestation Four (4) treatments: Control, Entrust 1X, Entrust 1X rinsed and Entrust ½X. Monitoring was done before and after pesticide treatments in four (4) smaller plots (1 m 2 ), defined within the treated area. PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES METHODOLOGY –FRUIT DAMMAGE

15. Healthy fruitDamaged fruit - FirewormDamaged fruit - Fruitworm NumberWeightNumber% of totalWeight % total weightNumber% of totalWeight % total weight 122,94147,901,000,740,550,3610,507,628,085,17 107,38128,151,060,860,710,4811,388,678,405,64 90,63104,291,561,341,140,8921,8120,3915,8113,97 RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE Entrust 1X Entrust rinced Control TREATMENTS PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

16. a a a a b RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE Blackheaded Fireworm (Rhopobota naevana). PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES % of damaged fruit (numbers) % of total weight

17. a a a a b b PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE- Cranberry Fruitworm ( Acrobasis vaccinii) % of dammaged fruit (numbers) % of total weight

18. IMPACTS OF TREATMENTS ON HONEYBEES IN CAGED PLOTS (shelters) There was no significant difference between the number of dead bees in from of the hives, according to the treatments. Fewer bees were observed on flowers of rinsed Entrust treatment. However, flowering was more advanced in these fields and the number of open flowers was lower. Observation: 10 minutes - 2.5 m2 (1/8 of the cage) PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES RESULTS – HONEYBEES

19. Initial populationFinal populationGain Half dose Entrust (1/2 X) 58386225388 Entrust 1x 55386075538 Entrust 1x rinced 580070001200 Control 57256433708 Honeybee populations RESULTS – HONEYBEES PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

20. PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES Test new insecticides registered (or being registered) for cranberry pest control on honeybee safety. Dead honeybees in front of hives Repulsively Estimation of impact on honeybees

21. Insecticides Insects controlledApplication period Actara Thiamthoxam Neonicotinoid By Syngenta Cranberry WeevilHook stage, before flowering Altacor Chlorantraniliprole By DuPont Canada Cranberry Fruitworm Blackheaded Fireworm Sparganothis Fruitworm Cranberry Fruitworm at 50% fruit set 2nd generation of the Blackheaded Fireworm may need to be made at different times during flowering. Treatment for Sparganothis Fruitworm is usually applied later, towards the end of flowering INSECTICIDES TESTED PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

22. Insecticides Insects controlledApplication period Delegate Spinetoram Spinosyn Dow Agrosciences Canada Blackheaded Fireworm Sparganothis Fruitworm Cranberry Tipworm 2 nd generation of the Blackheaded Fireworm 2 nd generation of the Cranberry Tipworm may have to be made at different times during flowering. Treatment for Sparganothis Fruitworm is usually applied later, towards the end of flowering. Movento Spirotetramate Bayers Crop Science Cranberry Tipworm Treatment for the 2nd generation of the Cranberry Tipworm may have to be made at different times during flowering. INSECTICIDES TESTED PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

23. Hook stageFlowering beginning of fruit set and end of flowering Blakheaded Fireworm 2G Tipworm Cranberry Weevil Blackheaded Fireworm Sparganothis Fruitworm Cranberry Fruitworm 2G Tipworm Fireworm– Fruitworms Cranberry Weevil Tipworm Tipworm -Fruitworms PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

24. C1C2C3C4C4C5C5 B1B2B3B4B4B5B5 A1A2A3A4A4A5A5 42315 5 3 3 452 41 1 2 1 Témoin 2 Delegate 3 Actara 4 Movento 5 Altacor Expérimental design PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES METHODOLOGY

25. Data collection in shelters The treated plots are covered by a screen house (shelter style Tempo) Nuclei with a laying queen and 4 frames of brood and reserves are introduced into each tent. The bee colony foraging introduced only in covered areas. METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

26. ESTIMATIONS of number of dead bee in front of the hives twice a day for 72 hours once on the last day: = 7 observation periods METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

27. Behavioural observations Drinking water (thirst) Behaviour in shelters METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

28. RESULTS – Repulsion-Attractivity Number of foragers (10 minutes – 1/8 shelter) PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

29. RESULTS- BEHAVIOR Fewer bees were drinking in Movento and Delegate treatments There was no difference in the aggregation behaviour on the roof between treatments PART 3. NEW PESTICIDES

30. RESULTS-MORTALITY Nombre abeilles mortes par 24h PART 3. NEW PESTICIDES ACTARA ALTACOR DELEGATE MOVENTO CONTROL Number of dead honeybees by 24h 4 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours Time after treatment

31. CONCLUSIONS Insecticides and Movento and Actara did not cause mortality after application. They seemed to have a higher mortality after 48 hours. THESE RESULTS ARE SIGNIFICANT PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES The ALTACOR (Chlorantraniliprole 35%) proved insecticide against pests present during flowering that caused the least mortality in bees. However, it should be used with caution because it is toxic to aquatic organisms. Chlorantraniliprole is persistent and may leach into surronding water. We recommend: DO NOT apply this product directly to freshwater habitats Do not apply an insecticide on more than 2 successive generations of a same insect species. After the treatment, the highest dead bee count was found with Delegate. Accumulation of moisture in the shelters could explain for this because it is known that this product should be allowed to dry on leaves in order to be safe to bees.

32. PART 3. DRIFT Pesticide drift and distance from field borders CETAQ Joseph Bertrand Desrouilleres and Jean-Pierre Deland Quantify the deposition of pesticides beyond the targeted treatment area; Evaluate the distribution of the drift (distance transport and deposition of droplets); Compare the effects of droplet size and the height of the ramp on the size and distribution of drift. Testing an anti drift noozel At different hights

34. Spectrophotometer analysis Still a lot of work to do !!!

35. Thank you Fédération des apiculteurs du Québec