1. Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering
Bahan Kajian MK. Agroekologi
Adaptasi Tumbuhan pada
Lingkungan Habitat Lahan Kering
Smno.jurstnh.fpub.2013

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Apakah Tumbuhan itu?
Multicellular organism that performs photosynthesis and develops from an embryo
Almost all live on land
Descendants of protists
Land invasion depended on evolution of different structures
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3. Adaptasi Lahan-Darat Waxy cuticle — reduces water loss
Ability to absorb water from a variety of sources
Enclosed reproductive organs, called gametangia, in which gametes form
Enclosed sporangia in which spores form

4. Identifikasi beragam Tipe Tumbuhan
Identify as many different plants as you can. How are they different from one another?

5. Vaskuler vs. Non-vaskuler
Vascular or tracheophytes
Have pipelike tissues that conduct water
Grow large
Examples: fir trees, ferns
Nonvascular or bryophytes
Lack a vascular system
Much smaller
Less diverse

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Divisio Tumbuhan
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Evolusi Tumbuhan
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8. Evolusi Tumbuhan
Evidence comes from fossils and comparisons with living species
First plants evolved from a common ancestor that resembled a green alga
Vascular plants predate nonvascular plants
First seedless plants — Carboniferous Period

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Kingdom Plantae
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10. Evolusi Angiospermae Angiosperms — flowering plants
First fossils — about 125 million years ago
Evolved from gymnosperms — plants that have no fruits or flowers
Many adaptations

11. Mosses, Liverworts and Hornworts
Nonvascular Plants or bryophytes
Depend on free standing water for photosynthesis and fertilization
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12. Karakteristik Bryophyta
All parts of their bodies are adapted to absorb water
This gives them a spongy feel
Exhibit alternation of generations — a sexual life cycle in which haploid and diploid phases are both multicellular

13. Siklus Hidup Lumut (Moss)
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14. Tumbuhan Berpembuluh (Vaskuler)
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15. Tumbuhan Berpembuluh (Vaskuler)
Called tracheophytes
Have division of labor with separate transport systems for water (xylem) and sugars (phloem)
Diploid Phase dominates the life of the plant
Seeds are protected by coat, and food is stored inside for germination

16. Seed-Lacking Tracheophytes
4 divisions that lack seeds:
Pterophytes (ferns)
Psilotophytes
Lycophytes
Equisetophytes

17. Siklus Hidup Paku-pakuan
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18. Siklus Hidup Paku-pakuan
A fern releases haploid spores
Spores mature into haploid gametophytes
Gametophytes make sperm and egg
Fusion of sperm and egg
Zygotes grow right out of the gametophyte for a new fern

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Lycophytes
Have true roots, stems and simple leaves
Also called lycopods
Example: club mosses
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Equisetophytes
Referred to as horsetails
Have true roots, stems and complex leaves
Stems are jointed
Outer cell walls are reinforced with silica
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21. Reproduksi Tumbuhan Berbiji
Manage fertilization without water
Use a form of internal fertilization
Sperm and ovum fused, and develop within the female gametophyte
Seeds consist of a diploid zygote and a source of food encased in a seed coat

22. Gymnosperms Seed plants without flowers Evergreen
Conifers produce male and female gametophytes in cone-shaped strobili (the cones)
Male and female cones on same tree

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Siklus Hidup Pinus
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Cycads
Large-leafed plants that look like palms
No flowers or fruits
Bear naked seeds
Produce male and female strobili
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25. Kegunaan Bunga dan Buah
Flowers ensure distribution of pollen through a variety of methods
Fruits are mature ovaries that enclose and protect seeds
Fruits usually enhance dispersal of seeds

26. Siklus Hidup Tumbuhan Berbunga
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27. Reproduksi Angiospermae
Flowers reproduce by means of double fertilization
2 sperm nuclei from the pollen grain fertilize 2 ova from the ovary
A diploid zygote is formed and a triploid cell forms the endosperm

28. Bagian-bagian Bunga Stamen — anther and filament (male)
Carpel — style and ovary (female)
A corolla or petals and a calyx of sepals surround stamens and carpels
Not all flowers have all parts

29. Konsep-konsep Kunci
A plant is a multicellular organism that photosynthesizes and develops an embryo
Nonvascular plants lack vascular tissues
The vascular system enables plants to transport water and nutrients, to grow large, and to diversify
Seeds allow plant to withstand dry environments