1. What is sociolinguistics?
Sociolinguistics: The study of the interrelationships between language and social structure; centrally concerned with how language varies (at a single point in time) and changes (over time) according to how people in society use it.

2. Sociolinguistics is the study of variation of language in use – we use different words or grammatical forms depending on context.

3. What is the scope of sociolinguistics?
identify aspects of socioeconomic factors in language variation
identify aspects of gender and ethnicity as factors in language variation
describe how shifts in speech contexts cause changes in speaking styles
list the reasons why “standard” national dialects are problematic propositions

4. What do sociolinguists study?
What is Sociolinguistics?
The term refers to the study of the relationship between language and society, and how language is used in multilingual speech communities.

5. What aspects of language are Sociolinguists interested in?

6. Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people speak differently in different social contexts.
They study the effect of social factors which include:
social distance,
social status,
age,
gender,
Class, on language varieties (dialects, registers, genres, etc), and they are concerned with identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to convey social meanings.

7. What do sociolinguists mean by the term variety?

8. A variety is a set of linguistic forms used under specific social circumstances.

9. Variation is determined by social class, gender, place, age, situation etc.
Would you use the same words, syntax and phonology (or even the same language) to ask for a loan from a friend, father, mother, bank, total stranger?

10. Formality increases between participants (speaker and hearer) when the social distance is greater.
Informality (Solidarity) increases when the social distance is little between participants (speaker and hearer).

11. * Social status depends on a number of factors such as social rank, wealth, age, gender and so on; therefore the person with the higher social status has the choice of using formality or informality (solidarity) when addressing other persons of lower social status. But the person with the lower social status uses only formality when addressing a person of higher social status.

12. Reviewing Basic Terms
sociolect: social variety
accent: variety characterised by pronounciation
register: occupational varieties
style: varieties according to formality of situation
language: “The systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs, or written symbols in human society for communication and self expression.”
variety: Most neutral term, can be used for all the others
dialect: regional variety

13. Language and Dialect
Language and Dialect are ambiguous terms (Haugen 1966)
“these terms represent a simple dichotomy [contrast] in a situation that is almost infinitely complex”
Language can be used to refer either to a single linguistic norm or to a group of related norms, and dialect to refer to one of the norms.

14. Language variation
No two speakers of a language speak exactly the same way
No individual speaker speaks the same way all the time

15. Dialect
A variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language
Idiolect: the speech variety of an individual speaker

16. Language Language = a continuum of dialects dialect C dialect A
dialect B

17. Dialect A Dialect = a continuum of idiolects idiolect C idiolect A
idiolect B

18. Dialects
Dialects are structurally inferior to languages, lacking formal grammatical rules and standards of speaking;
Dialects are communicatively inferior to languages, lacking the full range of expressibility found in a formal language;
Dialects are orthographically inferior to languages, lacking their own system of writing;
In short, dialects are inferior to languages.
FACT: Everyone speaks a dialect

19. Regional dialect
 A regional dialect is a distinct form of a language spoken in a particular geographical area.
Regional dialect is a variety of language that is spoken in a geographical area.
It features differences in pronunciation, in the choices and form of the word, and syntax.