1. Nervous Systems

2. Nervous Systems

3. Neurons

4. Neural Signals Action Potential vs. Resting Potential*
Membrane Potential
Sodium-Potassium Pump

5. Threshold Potential

6. Resting State (1) *
Both sodium and potassium activation gates are closed
Interior of cell is negative

7. Depolarization State (2)*
Sodium activation gates are opened on some channels
Interior of cell becomes more positive

8. Rising Phase of Action Potential (3)*
Most sodium activation gates are opened
Potassium activation gates are still closed

9. Falling Phase of Action Potential (4)*
Inactivation gates on sodium channels are closes
Activation gates on potassium channels are opened
interior of cell becomes more negative

10. Undershoot (5) Sodium channels are closed*
Sodium channels are closed
Potassium channels are closing
Membrane returns to its resting state

11. Propagation of the Action Potential
Localized event
First action potential’s depolarization sets off second action potential
Travels in one direction due to ____________ period
refractory

12. Chemical Synapse
Lab starts at 9:45 and 3pm unless something happens to me. I won’t repeat. Be there and stay. Thursday is your last day… no office hours next week.

13. Neurotransmitters High (Schizophrenia) Low (Parkinson’s)
Runner’s High – inhibit GABA, increase Dopamine
Sleep, Mood, Learning
Aggression, Serial Killers Low Levels
Depression

14. Postsynaptic Potentials
IPSP – Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials
EPSP – Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials

15. Postsynaptic Potentials
Subthreshold
doesn’t reach threshold
__________ Summation
two signals do not reach threshold level but occur close enough to set off action potential
two signals are set off at the same time setting off an action potential
Spatial Summation with an inhibitor
Temporal
Spatial

16. Vertebrate Nervous System

17. Vertebrate Brains

18. Peripheral Nervous System

19. Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic
____________ Nervous System regulates the internal environment (usually involuntary)
____________ Nervous System regulates the external environment (usually voluntary)
Somatic

20. Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Division
Flight or fight response
Parasympathetic Division
Rest or digest response

21. Autonomic Nervous System
KNOW THIS CHART!
Autonomic Nervous System *

22. Brain

23. The Brainstem *
The Medulla Oblongata and the Pons controls breathing, heart rate, digestion
The Cerebellum controls coordination of movement and balance (not really part of the brain stem)

24. The Midbrain *
The Midbrain receives, integrates, and projects sensory information to the forebrain

25. The Diencepholon Hypothalamus Forebrain Epithalamus*
Forebrain
Epithalamus
Includes the pineal gland and the choroid plexus
Thalamus
conducts information to specific areas of cerebrum
_____________
produces hormones and regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual response, circadian rhythms
Hypothalamus

26. The Telencepholon Cerebrum with cortex and corpus callosum*
Cerebrum
with cortex and corpus callosum
higher thinking

27. Cerebrum (KNOW THIS FIG!)

28. Cerebrum

29. Memory Short Term Long Term Done in the frontal lobe
Frontal lobes interact with the __________ and the ___________ to consolidate
Hippocampus
Amygdala

30. Nutritional Requirements
Undernourished
not enough calories
Overnourished
too many calories
____________
missing one or more essential nutrients
Malnourished

31. Essential Nutrients Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids
Essential Vitamins
Essential Minerals

32. Essential Amino Acids Found in proteins
20 different types
8 essential in adult humans (9 infants)
all in animal proteins
vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

33. Histidine
__________ – Essential in infants

34. Essential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids
used to make phospholipids for membranes

35. Essential Vitamins Fat Soluble Water Soluble D, A, K, E stored in fat
___________
Water Soluble
excreted in urine
B complex and C
D, A, K, E

36. Essential Minerals Inorganic nutrients Calcium & Phosphorous Iron
bones
Iron
anemia
Iodine
thyroid hormones
Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium
nerve function, water regulation

37. Intracellular Digestion
Inside cells
All animals
Exclusive in:
Protista
Porifera

38. Extracellular Digestion
Outside cells
All animals above the sponges
Two Types
_________________
Gastrovascular Cavity
Alimentary Canal

39. Gastrovascular Cavity
One opening
Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

40. Alimentary Canal Two openings Allows for specialization Mouth Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop
Gizzard
Stomach
Intestine
Anus

42. Digestive Tracts shorter Longer Carnivores Herbivores
________ digestive system
small cecum
Herbivores
large cecum
shorter
Longer