1. What is a plant? Multicellular Eukaryotic cell
With cell wall of cellulose
Waxy, protective coating called cuticle
Usually contains chlorophyll for its role as an autotroph (photosynthesis)

2. Plant Structures
External plant structures such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds are known as plant organs. Each organ is an organized group of tissues that works together to perform a specific function. These structures can be divided into two groups: sexual reproductive and vegetative. Sexual reproductive parts produce seed; they include flower buds, flowers, fruit, and seeds. Vegetative parts include roots, stems, shoot buds, and leaves; they are not directly involved in sexual reproduction. Vegetative parts often are used in asexual forms of reproduction such as cuttings, budding, or grafting.

4. Alternation of Generations
Reproduction in Plants

5. For growth
Forms a Zygote
e.g., Eggs/Sperm
Archegonia/Antheridia
For growth

6. Sporophyte “spore plant” Diploid state
Many common plants have this as their dominant form

9. Sporangium Specialized organ Diploid cells
Produces hapliod spores to release to the environment

10. Meiosis in Sporangium Reduction division
Starts with diploid number, finishes with haploid number in the new cells (spores)

11. Spore
Haploid asexual reproductive cell
Released into the environment

12. Mitosis
Growth of cell by replication of heredity and cell division into a multi-cellular organism

13. Gametophyte “gamete plant”
Produces gametes (sex cells) for sexual reproduction
Eggs from archegonia
Sperm from the antheridia

15. Fertilization
Sperm nucleus unites with egg nucleus deep in the ovary of the plant

16. Mitosis
Growth of cell by replication of heredity and cell division into a multi-cellular organism

17. This multicellular organism is the next generation of sporophyte…
This multicellular organism is the next generation of sporophyte…..you are back to square one!

18. For growth
Forms a Zygote
e.g., Eggs/Sperm
Archegonia/Antheridia
For growth

19. Plant Phylogeny
Bryophyta – nonvascular, non-seed plants like mosses and liverworts
Psilophyta – non-seed vascular plants like tropical/subtropical whisk ferns
Lycophyta – non-seed vascular plants like club mosses
Sphenophyta – non-seed vascular plants like horsetails

20. Plant Phylogeny (cont.)
Pterophyta – non-seed vascular plants like the ferns
Cycadophyta – vascular seed plants like the palm-like cycads
Gnetophyta – unusual, distinctive vascular seed plants like Welwitschia
Ginkgophyta – very rare vascular seed tree with fan-shaped leaves (1 species)

21. Plant Phylogeny (cont.)
Coniferophyta – cone-bearing vascular seed plants like pine trees
Anthophyta – flowering vascular seed plants like roses (dicots) and lilies (monocots)

22. Bryophyta Non-vascular, so……. Live in moist sheltered places Non-seed
Mosses, hornworts, and liverworts
Plant life cycle needs water for sperm
Vegetative reproduction also

25. 1 = sporophyte
2 = gametophyte
3 = sporangium case
4 = stalk

26. Ferns and their allies Vascular plants (major advancement)
need water for reproduction
Seedless
Alternation of Generations
Ferns, club moss, horsetails
The beginnings of true organs

27. Roots to anchor, absorb water and minerals, and store food Leaves for photosynthesis and storage of food Stems for support, storage, and transport of water up and food down (Flowers for reproduction, yielding the fruit in seed plants)

29. Gametophyte with young sporophyte

30. Seed Plants Vascular Produce seeds (major advancement)
Gymnosperms (bear seeds naked on bracts of cones) and Angiosperms (flowering plants with seeds in tissues)
Free of water because male gametophyte is in pollen grain carried by wind, water, insects, or small animals

32. Gymnosperms Cone bearers Gnetophytes, cycads, gingkoes, conifers
Alternation of Generations

34. Seeds lying uncovered on the bract
“Naked Seeds”
Seeds lying uncovered on the bract

35. Alternation of Generations

36. Angiosperms (Phylum Anthophyta)
Flowering plants
Vascular seed plants
Fruits with seeds
Dry fruits
Fleshy fruits
Most of the commons plants we know
Alternation of Generations

37. Alternation of Generations

39. The Typical Flower (reproductive organ)

40. A comparison of Classes Dicotyledonae vs Monocotyledonae

41. XYLEM AND PHLOEM XYLEM = “water UP” PHLOEM = “food DOWN”
VASCULAR BUNDLES
HERBACEOUS STEM - GREEN
WOODY TREE

42. Plant Life Spans
Annual – germinate, grow, flower, seed, and die in one growing season
Biennial – germinate, grow, develop first season; flower, seed, and die second season
Perennial – live and flower (seed) for many seasons