1. The Arms Race, Space, Olympics, 1972, Fall of Communism

2. Cold War Arms Race:
“You cannot simultaneously prevent and prepare for war." -- Albert Einstein
"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." -- Albert Einstein

3. History of “Nukes”
From USA was the only nation to have Nuclear Bombs.

4. The Arms Race Begins
In 1949, the Soviets developed the atomic bomb.

5. History of “Nukes”
In the 1950’s Britain, France, and the USSR all have nuclear weapons.

6. Nuclear Holocaust
World leaders realize the clash between the superpowers could destroy mankind.

7. Arms Race
Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to succeed Harry S. Truman as president

8. Brinkmanship
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy: Brinkmanship
What it meant: go to the brink of nuclear war, then back off
What Critics said: this is a DANGEROUS policy
How Brinkmanship was useful: Eisenhower threatened China with nukes, which helped “end” the Korean War

9. Arms Race
Nikita Khrushchev succeeded Josef Stalin as Soviet Premier

10. Sputnik Inspires Fear
Others worried that the next Soviet rocket would carry a nuclear weapon, not a satellite
Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev announced that the Soviets would “bury capitalism” (and said that future American generations would live under communism)

11. The arms race begins….
Both countries began developing their weapons so as to be able to ‘outgun’ their opponents. This meant:
developing more powerful weapons
Having more of one weapon than the other side

12. The arms race begins…. WHY NUCLEAR WEAPONS?
Cheaper than having a large army
They were a deterrent. The idea was to have so many missiles that they could not all be destroyed. If one side attacked then it knew that the other could retaliate. This was known as MAD – MUTUAL ASSURED DESTRUCTION.
For some the Arms Race was a test of the strengths of Capitalism v communism

13. USSR
76 IBMs
700 Medium range bombers
1,600 bombers
38,000 Tanks
12 Nuclear submarines
495 Conventional submarines
0 Battleships and cruisers US
450 ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile)
250 Medium range missiles
2,260 Bombers
16,000Tanks
32 Nuclear submarines
260 Conventional submarines
76 Battleships and carriers

14. Destructive Capabilities
1979 estimates by the US Office of Technology Assessment
One small nuclear weapon exploded over Detroit or Leningrad would kill 400,000 people immediately
Full-scale nuclear war would kill over 100 million Americans and 75 million Soviets within 30 days
The American deaths alone would approximately equal the 9/11 terrorist attacks every day for 55 years.

15. The Space Race
The Space Race: the race between the Soviet Union and the United States to explore space first
Significance #1: if the Soviets won, the world might think communist was stronger than democracy
Significance #2: space race technology could be used to build better war weapons

16. The serious side was….
That a rocket that could launch a satellite could also launch a nuclear warhead at a target.
So space developments led to rapid advances in nuclear weapons.
By 1960 each side had the nuclear capability to destroy the earth
In 1961 Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut was the first man to orbit the earth – the Soviets had the lead. For Khrushchev it wa a triumph for communism

17. Sputnik
On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched a satellite named Sputnik into outer space.
It was sent into space to circle Earth.

18. Arms race
In 1957, the launch of the satellite Sputnik into space drastically changes the arms race

19. Cold War Tension Rising
Event: Sputnik was launched
What happened: In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first space satellite
Some people worried that the Soviets were launching spy satellites

20. Khrushchev said
‘ The Sputniks prove that communism has won the competition between communist and capitalist countries. The economy, science, culture and the creative genius of people in all areas of life develop better and faster under communism.’

21. US Catches Up
The United States had clearly fallen behind in the space race.
The US worked very hard and quickly, and launched its first satellite in January1958.
Then, in October of 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA was founded to promote US space exploration projects.

22. NASA NASA launched the first successful weather satellite in 1960.
Meanwhile, in April Yuri Gargarin became the first person to orbit (circle) the Earth.
February 1962, John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth.

23. President Kennedy’s Address
On 21 May, 1961 President Kennedy made a famous speech in which he announced an ambitious plan to put a man on the moon by the end of the decade – The Apollo Program was launched

24. Friendship 7 John Glenn’s spacecraft was named Friendship 7.
More than 60 million Americans watched the launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida which stayed in space for 4 hours and 48 minutes.

25. Telstar 1
The US and the Soviet Union continued to build and test new rockets and satellites. It was discovered that satellites could be used for communication.
The US satellite Telstar 1 relayed the first transatlantic telecast in 1962.

26. Apollo 11
On July 16, 1969, the American spaceship Apollo 11 blasted off carrying astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, and Michael Collins.
While Collins circled the moon in Apollo 11, Armstrong and Aldrin guided the Eagle, a small, specially designed spacecraft, down to the moon’s surface.
They became the first people to walk on the moon.

27. Apollo 11

28. US Takes the Lead
With the success of Apollo 11, the United States had taken the lead in the space race.
The space race continued until the collapse of the Soviet Union, but space exploration continues today.
The International Space Station is an orbiting station on which American and astronauts from former Soviet countries now explore space as friends.

29. The failure of disarmament
Both sides hoped for arms reductions to cut defence spending
After Stalin’s death East-West relations had improved
USSR proposed:
reduction of armed forces
Eventual abolition of atomic weapons
International inspections to supervise this

30. The USA…. Wanted strong inspection system
Proposed ‘open skies’ – openly photograph each others sites from planes
USSR rejected this
USA rejected initial USSR proposals
Stalemate

31. U2
1960
U2 was a spy plane – that was what it was developed for
Able to fly 6000km at high altitudes
Could take photos of Soviet bomber bases and missile sites

32. Events
May 1- U2 plane piloted by Gary Powers shot down by Soviet missile over Russia
May 5 – Eisenhower denied it was spying
May 7 – Khrushchev says Powers to be charged with spying

33. Events
May 11 – Eisenhower admits U2 was on spying mission
May 14 – Khrushchev demands apology and cancelling of all U2 flights
May 16 – U2 flights cancelled – no apology – Khrushchev walks out of Paris Summit

34. Results Paris summit abandoned – hopes on disarmament dashed
Khrushchev showed Communist world he could be tough
Powers sentenced to ten years. Swapped for Soviet spy after 17 months
Cold War attitudes hardened again

35. The Olympics
Olympic Games get used as propaganda for the strength of communism and democracy
Munich 1972
Montreal 1976
Moscow 1980
Los Angeles 1984
Calgary 1988
Vancouver 2010

36. 1972 Summit Series

37. Fall of Communism
Openness and Restructuring
Price of oil fell from $120/barrel to $24
Military Spending
Defeat in Afghanistan
Chernobyl April 26, 1986
Coup d’Etat August 19, 1991