1. Chromosome...

3. DNA STRUCTURE
DNA is short for deoxyribose nucleic acid

4. DNA

5. The structure of DNA is a double helix.
It is a double stranded molecule that twists like a spiral staircase.
The outsides of the molecule, the railings of the staircase, are made of deoxyribose sugars alternating with phosphates. This part of the molecule is sometimes called the "backbone".

6. The inside of the molecule, the "steps" of the staircase, are made of the nucleotide bases
Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine.

7. C bonds to G by three hydrogen bonds
C bonds to G by three hydrogen bonds. A bonds to T by two hydrogen bonds.

8. Complementary strands?

10. Complementary strands?
C and G always pair together
A pairs with T (in DNA) and U in RNA)
Always…for ever

11. What are the building blocks of DNA?

12. Nucleotide: Building block of DNA

13. A Nucleotide

15. Another way to write DNA!
Anotherwaytowritedna (how do you read it?)

16. Aim: How are proteins made?
Do Now:

18. Chromosome Replication
Chromosome Replication

19. Chromosome Replication
DNA replication is when chromosomes duplicate themselves.
The first step is to unwind their double helices into separate strands.
As the double helix of DNA unwinds into two parent strands, the ends of the different bases are exposed.
Each parent strand becomes a template for copying a whole new DNA helix.
Since the DNA structure can be rebuilt on both parent strands, two identical DNA helices are produced, each containing one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand, called a complementary strand.

20. Genetic engineering animation-insulin

28. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

29. Difference between RNA and DNA?

30. RNA vs. DNA
Vs.

31. DNA RNA Made up of the sugar RIBOSE
Made up of sugar deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases are Thymine Guanine, adenine, cytosine
Made up of the sugar RIBOSE
Nitrogenous bases are Uracil, Guanine, adenine, cytosine
There are 3 kinds of RNA molecules

32. What are the three RNA molecules found in our cells ?

33. Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

34. What are the 3 RNA used for?

35. Protein Synthesis Boss gives recipe to his worker .
Worker take the paper and leaves through the door and goes to the factory .
Worker picks up the parts and assembles them.

36. All the parts are combined according to the directions
Final Product is made

37. Why is Protein Synthesis so Important?

38. Write an argument to support the statement that proteins do most of the jobs in your body.

39. Steps of Protein Synthesis
DNA molecule will unwind and the two strands will separate.
mRNA will pair up with the complementary strands and transcribe the information.

41. Protein Synthesis: 2 steps
1. Transcription
Formation of mRNA (messenger RNA) from DNA
2. Translation
synthesis of Protein
From mRNA

42. Translation: Protein synthesis
Three players:
mRNA
Ribosomes
tRNA
mRNA has the codons (code). One codon is made up of 3 nucleotides/bases that code for one amino acid each

43. LE 17-5 Second mRNA base First mRNA base (5¢ end)
Third mRNA base (3¢ end)

44. Sites of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis

45. tRNA
Carry the anticodon (to the codon on mRNA) at one end and an amino acid on the other

46. LE 17-4 Gene 2 DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 3 DNA strand (template) 3¢ 5¢
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA 5¢ 3¢
Codon
TRANSLATION
Protein
Amino acid

47. TRANSCRIPTION Prokaryotic cellLE
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
Prokaryotic cell

48. DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome Prokaryotic cell PolypeptideLE
DNA
TRANSCRIPTION
mRNA
Ribosome
Prokaryotic cell
Polypeptide
Prokaryotic cell

49. LE 17-3-3 DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide
Prokaryotic cell
Nuclear
envelope
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
Eukaryotic cell

50. LE 17-3-5 DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide
Prokaryotic cell
Nuclear
envelope
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA
Pre-mRNA
RNA PROCESSING
mRNA
Ribosome
TRANSLATION
Polypeptide
Eukaryotic cell

51. Mutation
A change (error) in DNA or gene.

52. Wild-type hemoglobin DNA Mutant hemoglobin DNA
LE 17-23
Wild-type hemoglobin DNA
Mutant hemoglobin DNA 3¢ 5¢ 3¢ 5¢
mRNA
mRNA 5¢ 3¢ 5¢ 3¢
Normal hemoglobin
Sickle-cell hemoglobin

53. LE 17-24 Wild type mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Protein Stop ? end ? end
Base-pair substitution
No effect on amino acid sequence
U instead of C
Stop
Missense
A instead of G
Stop
Nonsense
U instead of A
Stop

54. LE 17-25 Wild type mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Protein Stop Amino end Carboxyl end
Base-pair insertion or deletion
Frameshift causing immediate nonsense
Extra U
Stop
Frameshift causing
extensive missense
Missing
Insertion or deletion of 3 nucleotides:
no frameshift but extra or missing amino acid
Missing
Stop

61. Let’s transcribe this DNA sequence!
Anotherwaytowritedna (how do you read it?)
UGA GGC GCU UAU GUC CGA GCC