1. This Lesson Links to two parts of the specification
This Lesson Links to two parts of the specification
The characteristics and impacts of external forces operating at different scales from local to global, including either government policies or the decisions of multinational corporations or the impacts of international or global institutions
How external agencies, including government, corporate bodies and community or local groups make attempts to influence or create specific place-meanings and thereby shape the actions and behaviours of individuals, groups, businesses and institutions

2. How did Urban Development Corporations work?
They were set up in the 1980’s and 1990’s to take responsibility for the physical, social and economic regeneration of selected inner city areas with large amounts of vacant/derelict land.
They were given planning powers over and above the local authority and were encouraged to spend public money on the purchase of land, the buiulding of infrastructure and on marketing to attract private investment.
The intention was that private investment was 4-5 times greater than the public money initially invested.
In 1981, the first 2 UDC’s were set up: the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) and a Merseyside UDC. 11 others followed including Birmingham Heartlands, Cardiff Bay, Sheffield, Trafford Park and Teeside.
By 1993, UDC’s accounted for 40% of all urban regeneration expenditure. Over £12 billion had been attracted from the private sector, alongside £4 billion from the public sector.
They had built or refurbished housing units and created jobs.

3. Has the rebranding of Cardiff Bay been a Soaring success or heading towards a Slum future?
The Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was set up in April 1987 to regenerate the 1,100 hectares of old derelict docklands of Cardiff and Penarth.
It was part of the British Government's 'Urban Development Programme' to regenerate particularly deprived and run-down areas of British inner cities.

4. Cardiff Bay: History

5. To put Cardiff on the International map as a superlative maritime city which will stand comparison with any such city in the world, thereby enhancing the image and economic well-being of Cardiff and Wales as a whole.

6. WHY DID CARDIFF NEED AN URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION?
The global demand for coal decreased and the docks declined.
This decline left large areas with no major use.
Unemployment became a problem and those who could afford to left the area.
Ethnic minorities migrated inwards.
Tiger Bay and Butetown became places of multiple deprivation. Crime rates increased and there was physical deterioration of the area.

7. The CBDC was established in 1987 and wound up in 2000
The CBDC was established in 1987 and wound up in Over the period of its activity it was responsible for the spending of £2.4bn. The Corporation had an annual budget of £40m from central government on condition that a further £160m was attracted from other sources.

8. Was it Successful?
The regeneration has put Cardiff ‘on the map’ and attracts over 2 million tourists per year
17,000 jobs created
The area has become more accessible to the rest of the city via the Lloyd George Avenue
Over 5000 new homes created
The area has continued to attract new investment in recent years such as the new BBC studios, International Sports Village, Dr Who museum

9. Is it all positive?
Cardiff Bay's redevelopment symbolised growth and success.
However, fears are mounting that the area has been overdeveloped.
It contains hundreds of empty flats proving very difficult to sell or rent and with over 9,000 more apartments on the way across the city, that situation could get worse.

10. Issues
The majority of houses / apartments built in the Penarth Harbour area are far too expensive for the local residents to afford
Over £400 million of public money used
Many of the business that have opened in Cardiff Bay have merely moved from other parts of the city therefore having a negative impact on the areas they have left
Many people argue that the jobs created are the ‘wrong sort’ i.e. in the service sector not manufacturing
Social projects to help the residents of ‘Tiger Bay’ only accounted for 2% of the total spending.
Many local residents resent the redevelopment and feel socially excluded from the area in terms of the cost and types of facilities provided
There is much controversy over the barrage and the fresh water lake (you can read up about that)

11. Has the rebranding of Cardiff Bay been a Soaring success or heading towards a Slum future? (10) How have external agencies, including government, corporate bodies and community or local groups make attempts to influence or create specific place-meanings in Cardiff Bay?