1. Year 9 Summer Exam Grammar Revision
Authors: Cabuso, D., Ali, A., Minto, J. (Done, J. ed.)

2. What are nouns and how are they identified in Latin?
As we all probably know from English, nouns are words that are either a place, a person or a thing. In Latin, nouns can be seen with different types of cases. They are called the Nominative, the Accusative, the Genitive, the Dative and the Vocative. The difference between these cases is that each one changes who or what the noun affects or is affecting. For example, the nominative makes it so that the noun is the thing that is doing the action. The rest of the case types go like this:
The accusative makes the affected noun become the object that has the action done to it
The genitive makes the affected noun ‘of something’ (e.g. the whip of the master)
The dative makes the affected noun do something ‘to’ or ‘for’ someone else (e.g. Dave handed the wine to the men)
The vocative makes the affected noun address someone or something (similar to a command)

3. The Declensions
On the left, we can see the different declensions and their endings. The Nominative and Vocative declensions are the same but there is no particular reason for this. However in the second declension, the vocative noun has an -e ending instead of following the nominative –us ending.

4. Relative Clauses
In English, relative clauses are the part of the sentence that adds on a description or modification to a noun in front of it. A relative clause is identified from a subject and a verb coming in before a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that or which). However, in Latin, they have the same purpose and the same form but the pronouns that are used are quod, qui, quae, quam and more similar pronouns which are differentiated by case and gender. See next slide for other forms!

5. Pronouns - Learn these!!

6. LATIN REVISION volume 1: Verbs
BY JACK M

7. Present
porto means I carry doceo means I teach trahō means I drag audiō means I hear This is the easiest form of verb because the endings for the conjugations are easy to understand and remember.

8. Imperfect (past)
portabam means I was carrying docebam means I was teaching trahebam means I was dragging audiebam means I was hearing This is the slightly easier form of the three past tenses as it is the most common form in English. However, some don’t make much sense like Audiebam ( I was hearing).

9. Perfect (past)
portavi means I (have) carried docui means I (have) taught traxi means I (have) dragged audivi means I (have) heard This the slightly harder, but still not difficult, and also used less in English than Imperfect.

10. Pluperfect
portaveram means I had carried docueram means I had taught taxeram means I had dragged audiveram means I had dragged This is the hardest (probably) of the three past tenses and in English it is used the least

11. Infinitive
Bob cantare vult means Bob wants TO sing INFINITIVE Bob cantat means BOB IS singing. NOT INFINITIVE Infinitive verbs usually end in –RE like cantare or videre. It means to do something. The verbs volo, nolo and possum are often used with an infinitive. volo- I want nolo- I don’t want possum- I am able

12. Imperatives
porta means carry! doce means teach! trahe means drag! audi means hear! IF someone is addressing multiple people the imperative will have ‘-te’ added to it. e.g. audite! Imperatives are used as command verbs, probably in all languages. They’re quite easy to remember too.

13. PARTICIPLES
There are 3 types of participles

14. Present active participles
portans means carrying docens means teaching trahens means dragging audiens means hearing Present active participles are used in instances like Dave vinum portans, meaning dave, carrying wine…

15. Perfect passive participle (PPP)
portatus means ( having been) carried doctus means ( having been ) taught tractus means ( having been) dragged auditus means ( having been ) heard PPPs are used in instances like Dave, a Cogidubno portatus, iratissimus erat meaning, ‘Dave, having been carried by Cogidubnus was very angry.’

16. Perfect active participles (PAP)
These types of verbs are quite rare. Dave, hortum ingressa… means Dave, having entered the garden. adeptus, conspicatus, egressus, elapsus, ingressus, locutus, possus, precatus, regressus and suspicatus. This is most of all the PAPs in existance and all of them are having something-ed. These are a little confusing because they look the same as PPPs but mean different things.

17. Irregular
Finally, there are irregular verbs. These are verbs which don’t follow usual rules. Due to this, they’re the most confusing.

18. Infinitive and Present
Infinitive esse means to be posse means to be able velle means to want ferre means to bring ire means to go capere means to take
Present sum means i am possum means i am able volo means i want fero means i bring eo means i go capio means i take

19. All the endings you need to know for the most common irregular verbs!

20. Adjectives
By Amin Ali
(Orlando)

21. ADJECTIVES
An adjective always has to match with the noun’s gender and its case.
Most nouns end with a 1st (feminine) or a 2nd (masculine) declension ending so that means that the adjective ends in 1st or 2nd declension too.
Some adjectives are 3rd declension and will therefore be the same ending for masculine and femine.
You must not expect an noun and an adjective to alsways have the exact same ending. e.g bonum militem vidi      
See next slide for the two forms of adjective.                                                                                                                                                                                                        

22. Adjectives - their forms

23. The superlatives
The superlative is adjectives with the “issim” ending this means “very …(adjective)” an example of the superlative is the word “laetissimus” this means “very happy”.
A sentence with a superlative adjective is “coquus est stultissimus” this means “the cook is very stupid”
The “us” of “issimus” can be changed by the word it is describing as if it is male you must use the 2nd declension for the female use the 1st declension and for the neuter use the 2nd declension.

24. The Comparative
Comparative adjectives end with “ior” and they mean “more (adjective)” or “(adjective)er”
When an comparative adjective is in cases other than Nominative, the endings will be 3rd declension after the ‘-ior’ stem.