1. B_2 Cell Structure and Function, Part 1
B-2: Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles;
Chapter 3 & 5
B-1.2, B-2.1-7

2. B-2.1,3 (sec 3.1) Cell Theory & Comparing Cell Types
What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
Summarize functions of basic cell parts.
What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
What are examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

3. Cell Theory (sec 3-1) All organisms are made of cells.
UNICELLULAR ORGANISM
Organism made of 1 cell
Individual cell carries out ALL life functions
MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM
Groups of cells work together for life functions
All existing cells are produced by other living cells.
The cell is the most basic (smallest) unit of life.

4. History of Cell Theory (do not copy)
Robert Hooke (1665)
looked at cork (outer bark of tree)
coined term “cell”; first to identify cell
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674)
Made a better microscope (more detail)
first to see living things in water
Matthias Schleiden (1838)
Noted all plants made of cells
Theodor Schwann (1839)
Noted all living things made of cells

5. Basic Cell Structure
Cell Wall – (only some) outermost rigid membrane; protects & supports
Cell membrane —thin, flexible barrier around cell; regulates what comes in & out of cell
Cytoplasm —all stuff inside cell membrane—site of chemical reactions
Nucleus —(only some!)-controls cell activities and stores genetic info

6. Types of Cells Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Eukaryotes – (nucleus)
Prokaryotes (no nucleus)
Simpler; Much Smaller
Ribosomes (only organelle)
DNA suspended in cytoplasm
Single Circular Chromosome
Ex: Bacteria
Eukaryotes – (nucleus)
Complex; Much Larger
Many Different organelles
DNA located in nucleus
Multiple Chromosome
Ex: Protist, Fungi, Plant, & Animal Cells

7. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
CHROMOSOMES
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Cell wall
DNA
Circular DNA

8. 2-nucleus 6-golgi app 9-mitochondria
Animal Cell
2-nucleus 6-golgi app 9-mitochondria
3-ribosome 7-flagella 1-nucleuolus
5-rough ER 8-smooth ER

9. Plant Cell N-nucleus O-nuclear envelope B-Rough ER C-Smooth ER
E-Vacuole
H-choloroplast
I,J-cell wall
K-cell membrane
L-mitochondria
M-Golgi App.

10. Endoplasmic reticulum
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
BOTH
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
(large Central
vacuole)
Lysosomes
Centrioles
Plant & Animal Cell Review

11. B-2.2 (sec 3-2) Eukaryotic Cell Organelles
Explain the function of each of the following cell structures and organelles.
Identify the each of the following cell structures and organelles in plant and animal diagrams.
Differentiate between plant and animal cells.

12. Internal & External Structure
INTERNAL STRUCTURE
Cytoskeleton – “Cell Skeleton”
Maintains shape & structure
Filaments & Tubules hold organelles in place
EXTERNAL STRUCTURE
Cell Wall – Rigid Support (outermost)
ONLY in plants, bacteria, fungi
Cell Membrane – Fluid; Regulates movement through membrane
External (movement)
Cilia – numerous short hair-like projections, cause movement across cell membrane
Flagella – tail or whip like projections, move cell; usually only one or two (human cell – sperm)

13. Cell Wall Found in plant, bacteria, fungi cells (NOT animals)
Found outside cell membrane
Function: provides support and protection
Plant cell walls made of cellulose

14. Nucleus (all eukaryotes)
Function:
Controls cell processes
Stores DNA (genetic info)
Information for making proteins
Structure:
Nucleolus – very center
makes ribosomes
Nuclear Envelope – surrounds nucleus
Regulates what comes in and out

15. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) “highway system”
Function: Assembles cell membrane; modifies proteins
A maze of folded membranes
Rough ER
Covered with ribosomes (bumpy)
Ribosomes make proteins, ER modifies them
Smooth ER
No ribosomes (smooth)
Has enzymes to do special tasks

17. Ribosomes “Make Proteins”

18. Golgi Apparatus “Packaging/Shipping”
Function:
Proteins from ER go to Golgi Apparatus
Attaches carbs and lipids to proteins (final modification)
Modified, Stored & transported
Products are stored in vesicles for later use
Layered stacks of membrane

19. Mitochondria “Energy Producer”
Function: Produces ENERGY (ATP)
All living things use Cellular Respiration to break food (carbohydrates/lipids) down into usable energy (ATP – adenosine triphosphate – FUELS CELL)
Mitochondria has many folds…
Increases surface area WHICH increases amount of RXNs
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP

20. Chloroplast (plants only)
Function: contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (FOOD) through the process of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

21. Vacuoles (both) Function in ANIMALS:
STORAGE of water, food molecules, enzymes
Function in PLANTS:
Large Central vacuole
Provide SUPPORT and STRUCTURE
Maintain water balance
Plants

22. Lysosomes (animals only) “Digestion”
Function:
break down… carbs, lipids, & proteins
remove debris…
break down old organelles, waste products

23. B-2.5 (sec 3.3,4) Cell Membrane (Homeostasis)
How the cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis?
Explain the difference between passive and active transport.
Summarize the 3 types of passive transport
Explain how isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions will affect a cell.
Summarize the 3 types of active transport

24. Cell Membrane & Homeostasis
Separates cell from surroundings
Regulates what enters/leaves the cell
Selectively Permeable (only some things penetrate)
Provides FLEXIBLE protection and support
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Phosopho-
lipid
Bilayer
Protein
Channel
Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm)
Miller-Levine. (2002). Biology Presentation Pro CD-ROM. Prentice Hall.

25. Types of Transport PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT
NO energy required
Follows concentration gradient…
Moves materials from HIGH concentration to LOW
EX: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
REQUIRES energy
Goes AGAINST concentration gradient…
Moves from LOW concentration to HIGH
EX: Protein Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Microsoft clip art (images)

26. DIFFUSION FACILITATED OSMOSIS
Miller-Levine. (2002). Biology Presentation Pro CD-ROM. Prentice Hall.
DIFFUSION
FACILITATED
Water molecules
Higher Concentration
of Water
Cell
membrane
OSMOSIS
Lower Concentration
of Water
Sugar molecules

27. Effect of Solution on Cell
Effect of Solution on Cell
HYPOTONIC (below strength) LESS water in cell – water moves INTO; cell will swell
ISOTONIC (equal strength) EQUAL water on both sides – no net movement
HYPERTONIC (above strength) More water in cell – water moves OUT, cell will shrink

28. Isotonic = same concentration of solutes
Hypotonic = Burst Hypertonic = Shrink “explode” “shrinker”

29. Homeostasis (do not copy)
Cytoplasm of cells contains more than just water
If cells are placed in pure water (hypotonic) they could swell and burst
This doesn’t happen because:
Some cells have isotonic fluid around them so they are NOT in pure water.
Ex: blood plasma isotonic
Plant cells and bacteria have cell walls, which are rigid and prevent bursting
pressure on cell wall increases or decrease
Some cells can pump out water as it comes in
ACTIVE TRANSPORT…..

30. Types of Active Transport
REVIEW:
Movement from LOW to HIGH concentration (against concentration gradient)
Requires energy (ATP) from cell
PROTEIN PUMPS
Sodium Potassium Pumps move Na+ (sodium) out of cell and K+ (potassium) into cell – view animation
ENDOCYTOSIS
Large amounts of material transporting into the cell thru in-pocketing of cytoplasm forming vesicles
PHAGOCYTOSIS – “cell eating” large particles or bacteria are engulfed
PINOCYTOSIS - “cell drinking” liquid is taken into the cell
EXOCYTOSIS
sends waste products out by vacuole attaching to the membrane; rid of waste products