1. Reconstruction (1865 – 1877)
To Punish or Forgive?

2. I/II. Definition & Plan for Reconstruction
Definition: Sheet
Presidential Plans for Reconstruction
A. Lincoln’s Plan
1. Background
2. 10% Plan
3. Radical Republicans React
* C. Sumner & T. Stevens
B. Johnson’s Plan: Sheet

3. III. Congressional Reconstruction
Outline…
Freedmen’s Bureau (1866)
Civil Rights Act of 1866
1. Background: Black Codes
2. Act
* Outlaw Black Codes
* Forbid states: discriminate ag. Blacks
* Equal protection under the law
* Federal troops: enforce
* Johnson veto: Congress overrides: C/B

4. III. Congressional Reconstruction
Fourteenth Amendment
* Reasons…
* Provisions
1. African-Americans: citizenship (D.Scott)
2. Forbade states from depriving citizens of equal protection of laws
3. Gitlow v. NY (1925): provisions of B of R to states

5. III. Congressional Reconstruction
“All persons born or naturalized in the United States… are citizens of the US and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person w/in its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

6. III. Congressional Reconstruction
Military Reconstruction
1. Background: Election; Impatient w/ South
2. Reconstruction Act of 1867
* Congress: took over Rec & threw out S. govts as unlawful
* Created 5 military districts w/ military governor [general]
* Stationed 5 federal troops to enforce
* Readmit: blacks & whites formed a constitution
* State Constitutions: guarantee suffrage for freedmen

7. III. Congressional Reconstruction
Civil War Amendments
1. 13th (1865): abolished slavery
2. 14th A (1868): citizenship; equal protection
3. 15th A (1870): right to vote

8. IV. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Clashes w/ Congress
1. Johnson Relations w/ Congress…
2. Vetoed Bureau, Civil Rights Act, Tenure of Office Act; spoke ag 14th A
3. Issue: Fired Edwin Stanton (S of War)
4. Why: Friend of Radicals; in charge of Military Reconstruction

9. Impeachment of Johnson
1. Impeach: to charge w/ wrongdoing; to accuse… encouraged by Stevens (role of House)
2. Supreme Court Chief Justice: presided
3. Trial stacked against Johnson
4. Acquitted by one vote in the Senate
5. Precedent: only the most serious crimes could remove President from office
6. “Lost the war”: no real power or mandate afterwards

10. V. Southern Reconstruction Govts
Sheet….Legislators… Freedmen… Carpetbaggers….Scalawags…

11. VI. The North Withdraws The Grant Administration (1869 – 1877)
1. The Man

12. VI. The North Withdraws (cont)
“Era of Good Stealings”: scandals in Grant Era
*Credit Mobilier Scandal… Whiskey Ring Fraud… Salary Grab… Effect of scandals? Distraction!

13. B. The Supreme Court Weighs in: Reconstruction
Court: b/w 1873 & 1883: decided a series of cases regarding Reconstruction
Narrowly interpreted 14th & 15th A
Limited the federal govt’s ability to protect civil & voting rights of freedmen
Amendment prohibited states from discrimination, not individuals
Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
United States v. Reese (1876)
US. v. Cruiskshank (1876)

14. C. Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877
Sheet: Rutherford Hayes ( R) v. Samuel Tilden (D)

15. VII. The Solid South *** (sheet)
Southern Whites Regain Control
1. North Loses Interest: scandals, eco, “move”
2. Ku Klux Klan
* History; Intimidation
* Enforcement Act of 1870
3. Preventing the Freedmen Vote
* Poll Taxes
* Literacy Tests
* Grandfather Clauses

16. VII. The Solid South (cont)
Sharecropping (HW #4)
* Fill great demand… payment in share of crop they grew… created a cycle of debt… grew cash crops

17. VII. The Solid South (cont)
Rise of “Jim Crow” Laws
* Laws of segregation: required the separation of
b & w… separate & inferior facilities

18. VII. The Solid South (cont)
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Homer Plessy: challenges 1890 law: train
S Ct: approves: “separate but equal.”: does not violate Equal Protection Clause (14th A)
Could not turn to federal courts for help
Set precedent: justified segregation in all public facilities… not overturned until 1954

19. VIII. Role of African Americans in a Post Civil War Society
Sheet: Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B. DuBois Niagara Movement & NAACP