1. Engineering Surveying LevellingBy
Mohd Arif Sulaiman
Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources
Introduction To Survey Engineering, by Mohd Arif

2. Chapter Description Expected Outcomes
Able to explain the theory of differential levelling
Able to explain the techniques of levelling
Able to calculate the reduce level in profile and cross section levelling.
References
Barry F. Kavanagh, "Surveying with Construction Application", Pearson, Prentice Halll, 2004.
Bannister, Raymond, Baker,"Surveying", , Prentice Hall 1998.
William Irvine, "Surveying for Construction", 4th  Ed., , McGraw-Hill,1998.

3. WHAT IS LEVELLING??
is the procedure used when one is determining differences in elevation between points that are remote from each other.
The process of measuring the difference in elevation between two or more points.
is the operation required in the determination or, more strictly, the comparison, of heights of points on the surface of the earth.

4. TERMINOLOGY
BACK SIGHT – The first reading taken by observer after setting out the instrument
FORE SIGHT – the last reading taken by observer before move the instrument
INTERMEDIATE SIGHT – the reading taken between back and foreword reading

5. BS FS BS IS FS F E B C A D

6. METHOD USED TO MEASURED ELEVATION Taping Method
Barometric Leveling
Trigonometric
Tacheometry Leveling
Differential Leveling
GPS

7. Principle

8. Actual levelling

9. Levelling Instrument

10. Setting up the instrument
Temporary
Permanent (Two-peg test) C A B

11. Differential Leveling Method or Procedure
leveling between two points
flying leveling (for vertical control survey)
series leveling (for profile/longitidul and cross- section leveling)
inverted staff reading for determine the reduced levels of point above the height of the instrument (the soffit level of bridge or headroom bridge)
Reciprocal leveling

12. leveling between two points

13. flying leveling (for vertical control survey)

14. series leveling (for profile/longitidunal and cross-section leveling)

15. inverted staff reading

16. Method of booking
Rise and fall
HOC

17. Method of booking

18. – Rise and fall method BS IS FS RISE FALL REDUCE LEVEL REMARKS 2.543
13.877
TBM
2.211
0.332
14.209 A
2.087
0.124
14.333 B
2.976
1.988
0.099
14.432 C
2.143
2.562
0.414
14.846 D
4.223
2.888
0.745
14.101 E
4.230
0.007
14.094 F
5.332
1.102
12.992 G
0.922
4.410
17.402 H
11.885
8.360
5.379
1.854
-1.854
3.525

19. HOC method BS IS FS HOC REDUCE LEVEL REMARKS 2.543 16.420 13.877 TBM
2.211
14.209 A
2.087
14.333 B
2.976
1.988
17.408
14.432 C
2.143
2.562
16.989
14.846 D
4.223
2.888
18.324
14.101 E
4.230
14.094 F
5.332
12.992 G
0.922
17.402 H
11.885
8.360
3.525

20. Author Information Dr Idris bin Ali
Dr Cheng Hock Tian