Technician License Course Chapter 6

Technician License Course Chapter 6
Lesson Plan Module 13 – Contacting Other Hams – Part 1 Contact Basics, Band Plans, Making Contacts and Using Repeaters

The Typical Telephone Conversation
Greeting Identify who is participating Exchange information, generally taking turns Salutations End the conversation Communication is something that we do every day, but rarely to we think about communication in detail. Simply go through a short telephone conversation that the students might have and point out the parts. Greeting: Hello Identify: Mom? This is Ron. Exchange information: I am having a really great time on my vacation….we have done…. Salutations: Well I better get going, I’ll call you tomorrow. End the conversation: Bye 2014 Technician License Course

The Typical Ham Contact (QSO)
Greeting Identify who is participating Exchange information, generally taking turns Salutations End the conversation Take a moment to mention “Q” signals and what QSO means. Now go over a fictitious ham contact and point out that it is the same as a telephone conversation except that there are a few procedural differences and some special vocabulary. Greeting: CQ CQ CQ this is WA8SME. Identify who is participating: WA8SME this is W6WBT Phil in Coleville calling. Exchange information: Hi Phil, you have a good signal today from Coleville, you’re running 59 here in Bridgeport…. Salutations: Well Phil, I better get to some chores before it rains. Thanks for the contact and I hope to hear you again. 73 for now. End the conversation: W6WBT this is WA8SME, clear. 2014 Technician License Course

2014 Technician License Course
Radio Manners Speak clearly and distinctly Remember – you can’t see the other person talking! Use phonetics when needed Assume all communications are public –choose topics accordingly Just like using the phone, when you talk on the radio you are communicating only with verbal information, there is no non-verbal feedback or communication. (The majority of communication while face-to-face is in non-verbal form) Therefore you need to make sure you speak clearly and distinctly (you won’t see the raised eyebrows that indicate that you are not being understood). Additionally there may be static and interfering signals or possibly language barriers and accents. Other stations can hear your conversation and the person you are talking to could be in another country with different values. Therefore, choose your conversation topics wisely even on local contacts. Avoid controversial and or offensive topics. Avoid talking about religion, politics, off color content, dirty jokes and swearing. 2014 Technician License Course

Radio Manners Before transmitting, be sure the frequency is clear and you are authorized to use it! Station identification (10-minute rule) Frequencies are shared No one has a prior claim to a frequency Schedules, nets, pre-planned events Be flexible, always have a “Plan B” You will share the frequencies with other hams, and because of propagation, you may not hear both sides of a conversation going on. It is a good habit to get into to ask if the frequency is in use before you use it. Simply say, “Is this frequency in use?” and wait a few seconds for a reply. Sometimes, you will hear the questions asked twice – which is fine if there is time to wait. If no reply then go ahead. 2014 Technician License Course

Radio Manners Signal reports Power level Avoid excess power Location (QTH) Grid locators RST Readability (1–5) Strength (1–9) Tone (CW only 1–9) “Your signal is 58” Go over the meaning of RST. Talk with your students about adjusting the content and pace of the QSO according to the RST. If signals are strong and perfectly readable, “armchair copy” (explain this term), then carry on at a normal pace. If signals a weak and barely readable, give lost of repeats of important information, keep transmissions short and the content light. If the other station can’t hear you well, then there is no need to talk about the meaning of life. Give the location of your station is one of the fundamental components of a QSO. Your location is usually referred to as your QTH. You can give your QTH as city and state, simply your state, major geographic landmarks and street intersections, or by grid square…depending of the context of the conversation. Note the various grid-locator programs online, including on the ARRL website. 2014 Technician License Course

Radio Manners Advice and assistance Radio and antenna tests or checks Ham radio is self-regulated ARRL Official Observers Logging contacts – on paper or computer QSLs and award programs Spend some time discussing with the students about how hams deal with unacceptable on-the-air behavior. Stress the importance of not confronting the violator on-the-air. One of the best strategies is to note the violation, but do not indicate to the offender that their behavior is being noticed…that gives them the audience that they are seeking and actually reinforces the bad behavior. Discuss the role of the OO program. Though logging is no longer required, it is a good idea to keep records of your on-the-air activity even if just as an archive of those you have talked to or perhaps as a record of when your station was in use in case of an interference concern. Logging is a good habit. Logs can be submitted for contest operation. Bring in some QSL cards and show them to the class. Also bring in some of the operating awards that you have and explain some of the award programs. 2014 Technician License Course

Band Plans A band plan is a formal plan for organizing types of operation on a band Informal agreement – not a regulation Intended for normal circumstances Be flexible in times of heavy band use (contests, special events, DXpeditions) Always have a “Plan B” Discuss with the students the need for band plans, to bring organization and prevent potential chaos, but also a band plan allows us to find other hams to contact. Pass out the band plan chart and explain how to extract information from the chart. There are band allocations and band plans. An allocation is the formal or legal plan is the regulated authorization and regulated use of specific frequency ranges (bands) for licensed use. These plans are established by governmental regulatory agencies (like the FCC). Violating the allocation could result in legal sanctions. Give examples of allocation rules. A band plan is an informal organization of operating activities based on accepted practice. These plans are not legally binding but good operator practice and radio manners encourage hams to follow the informal band plans. These informal band plans are established by precedence and accepted practice. Informal band plans are voluntary, but the FCC expects that good amateur practice means we follow those band plans under normal circumstances. When band loading is very heavy due to a big contest, DXpedition, or other special event, operation probably won’t follow the band plan for a while. Be flexible and normal operation will resume soon – have a Plan B so you have alternatives. 2014 Technician License Course

Making Contacts Repeater operation Listen to see how the regulars operate To announce your presence, just say your call Respond to a call with the station’s call followed by your own call Often used by a club or group as a regional intercom Note that the “group intercom” use means that stations won’t always respond to a call from a non-member. Just be patient and an opportunity (a net, a multi-station contact, a station making an unanswered call, etc) will present itself. 2014 Technician License Course

Making Contacts Repeater signal reports (examples) Full-quieting: signal is strong enough that no noise is heard Scratchy: occasional noise with your signal Flutter: multi-path from a mobile station In and out: occasionally copyable but mostly inaudible 2014 Technician License Course

Making Contacts HF on CW or SSB “CQ” means “I am calling anyone” To answer give the station’s call followed by your call once or twice Use of phonetics is common Explain the difference between channelized repeater operation and continuous tuning on HF. 2014 Technician License Course

Making Contacts Taking turns Nets Roundtables Shared contacts Breaking in Wait for a pause Give your call 2014 Technician License Course

Making Contacts Simplex FM Each user takes turns to transmit Works for stations close to each other If you can hear the other station on the repeater input frequency, try simplex 2 meters: MHz 70 cm: MHz 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Review Specialized transmitter/receiver interconnected by a controller. Generally located at a high place. Receives and simultaneously retransmits your signal on a different frequency. Dramatically extends line-of-sight range. 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Review – How They Work
2014 Technician License Course

Duplex Communication Transmitting on one frequency while simultaneously listening on a different frequency. Repeaters use duplex communications. Output frequency – the frequency the repeater transmits on and you listen to. Input frequency – the frequency the repeater listens to and you transmit on. 2014 Technician License Course

Things to Know to Use a Repeater
Output frequency Frequency offset And therefore the input frequency Repeater access tones (if any) 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Output Frequency
Repeaters are frequently identified by their output frequency. “Meet you on the machine.” Here the specific frequency is used. “Let’s go to 94.” Here an abbreviation for a standard repeater channel is used, meaning MHz. “How about the NARL repeater?” Here the repeater is referenced by the sponsoring club name. Inform the students of various repeater directory source materials that are available either online or in print. 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Frequency Offset
The offset frequencies (shifts or splits) are standardized to help facilitate repeater use. There are + and – offsets depending on the plan. Different bands have different standardized amounts of offset. The use of different terms for frequency offset might confuse students, let them know that all the terms refer to the same thing. Use the standard term – offset – consistently. Discuss with the students that most modern radios will automatically set the standardized offset frequency when programmed, that they must specifically program in a non-standard split for those repeaters requiring it. Finally, let them know that the offset plan is not law, just a plan that is used by convention. There are some repeaters that use non standardized splits in order to limit or control use. 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Access Tones Prevents accessing multiple repeaters at once. Subaudible low-frequency tone must be present before the repeater transmitter will turn on. Tones have various names (depending on equipment manufacturer). CTCSS (continuous tone coded squelch system) PL (a Motorola trade name for CTCSS) Privacy codes or tones DCS (digital coded squelch) You will have to define what sub-audible means and give some examples of tone frequencies. 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Access Tones Access tones are usually published along with repeater frequencies. Could also be announced when the repeater identifies. “PL is 123.0” meaning Hz Tones are generally programmed into the radio along with frequency and offset. 2014 Technician License Course

Repeater Control Repeater identification (Morse code or synthesized voice) Same ID requirements as you have Time-out protection Protects against continuous transmission in the event of a stuck PTT or long-winded speaker Usually three minutes Courtesy beep or tone signals time-out timer reset May have an autopatch system for phone calls Here you should cover some of the characteristics of the local repeaters that the students will encounter. Include in the discussion the different IDs used, what a courtesy tone is and what it means, the length of the time-out timers on some machines, and locally accepted uses of repeaters. 2014 Technician License Course

Common Problems Off frequency: causes audio distortion Low batteries: weak signal, audio distortion Poor location: hear repeater OK, can’t make or maintain contact Access tone off or wrong: repeater is strong but can’t access it Repeater drops in and out of your receiver: squelch setting too high Go over some common problems, anything specific to your area, things you have encountered. 2014 Technician License Course

Digital Repeater Systems
Repeaters linked by the Internet Use digital audio – Voice Over Internet Protocol (VOIP) Similar to Skype Allows communication world-wide Internet Linking Relay Project (IRLP) Echolink Access codes on system websites Note there are many tutorials and explanations online for the digital repeater systems. 2014 Technician License Course

D-STAR Both a repeater linking system and a digital voice protocol DV: Digital Voice mode (voice baud data) DD: Digital Data mode (128 kbps data) Repeaters linked together worldwide Call user-to-user based on call sign Currently an ICOM system Yaesu and Kenwood also building digital systems 2014 Technician License Course

Practice Questions 2014 Technician License Course

What is the most common repeater frequency offset in the 2 meter band?
A. Plus 500 kHz B. Plus or minus 600 kHz C. Minus 500 kHz D. Only plus 600 kHz T2A01 HRLM (6-16) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 70 cm band? A MHz B MHz C MHz D MHz T2A02 HRLM (6-14) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band?
A. Plus or minus 5 MHz B. Plus or minus 600 kHz C. Minus 600 kHz D. Plus 600 kHz T2A03 HRLM (6-16) 2014 Technician License Course

What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station's call sign? A. Say "break, break" then say the station's call sign B. Say the station's call sign then identify with your call sign C. Say "CQ" three times then the other station's call sign D. Wait for the station to call "CQ" then answer it T2A04 HRLM (6-12) 2014 Technician License Course

How should you respond to a station calling CQ?
A. Transmit CQ followed by the other station’s call sign B. Transmit our call sign followed by the other station’s call sign C. Transmit the other station’s call sign followed by your call sign D. Transmit a signal report followed by your call sign T2A05 HRLM (6-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the meaning of the procedural signal "CQ"?
A. Call on the quarter hour B. A new antenna is being tested (no station should answer) C. Only the called station should transmit D. Calling any station T2A08 HRLM (6-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What brief statement is often used in place of "CQ" to indicate that you are listening on a repeater? A. The words "Hello test" followed by your call sign B. Your call sign C. The repeater call sign followed by your call sign D. The letters "QSY" followed by your call sign T2A09 HRLM (6-9) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a guideline to use when choosing an operating frequency for calling CQ? A. Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequency B. Ask if the frequency is in use C. Make sure you are in your assigned band D. All of these choices are correct T2A12 HRLM (6-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the term used to describe an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency? A. Full duplex communication B. Diplex communication C. Simplex communication D. Multiplex T2B01 HRLM (6-9) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the term used to describe the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver? A. Carrier squelch B. Tone burst C. DTMF D. CTCSS T2B02 HRLM (6-16) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following common problems might cause you to be able to hear but not access a repeater even when transmitting with the proper offset? A. The repeater receiver may require an audio tone burst for access B. The repeater receiver may require a CTCSS tone for access C. The repeater receiver may require a DCS tone sequence for access D. All of these choices are correct T2B04 HRLM (6-17) 2014 Technician License Course

Which "Q" signal indicates that you are receiving interference from other stations? A. QRM B. QRN C. QTH D. QSB T2B10 HRLM (6-5) 2014 Technician License Course

Which "Q" signal indicates that you are changing frequency?
A. QRU B. QSY C. QSL D. QRZ T2B11 HRLM (6-5) 2014 Technician License Course

Under what circumstances should you consider communicating via simplex rather than a repeater? A. When the stations can communicate directly without using a repeater B. Only when you have an endorsement for simplex operation on your license C. Only when third party traffic is not being passed D. Only if you have simplex modulation capability T2B12 HRLM (6-14) 2014 Technician License Course

What should be done to insure that voice message traffic containing proper names and unusual words are copied correctly by the receiving station? A. The entire message should be repeated at least four times B. Such messages must be limited to no more than 10 words C. Such words and terms should be spelled out using a standard phonetic alphabet D. All of these choices are correct T2C03 HRLM (6-22) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following describes the common meaning of the term “repeater offset”? A. The distance between the repeater’s transmit and receive antennas B. The time delay before the repeater timer resets C. The difference between the repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies D. Matching the antenna impedance to the feed line impedance T4B11 HRLM (6-16) 2014 Technician License Course

What might be the problem if you receive a report that your audio signal through the repeater is distorted or unintelligible? A. Your transmitter may be slightly off frequency B. Your batteries may be running low C. You could be in a bad location D. All of these choices are correct T7B10 HRLM (6-12) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a grid locator? A. A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location B. A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevation C. An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifier D. An instrument for radio direction finding T8C05 HRLM (6-4) 2014 Technician License Course

How is access to an IRLP node accomplished?
A. By obtaining a password which is sent via voice to the node B. By using DTMF signals C. By entering the proper Internet password D. By using CTCSS tone codes T8C06 HRLM (6-19) 2014 Technician License Course

How might you obtain a list of active nodes that use VoIP?
A. From the FCC Rulebook B. From your local emergency coordinator C. From a repeater directory D. From the local repeater frequency coordinator T8C09 HRLM (6-19) 2014 Technician License Course

How do you select a specific IRLP node when using a portable transceiver? A. Choose a specific CTCSS tone B. Choose the correct DSC tone C. Access the repeater autopatch D. Use the keypad to transmit the IRLP node ID T8C10 HRLM (6-19) 2014 Technician License Course

What is meant by Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as used in amateur radio? A. A set of rules specifying how to identify your station when linked over the Internet to another station B. A set of guidelines for working DX during contests using Internet access C. A technique for measuring the modulation quality of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via the Internet D. A method of delivering voice communications over the Internet using digital techniques T8C12 HRLM (6-19) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?
A. A technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the Internet using a Voice Over Internet Protocol B. A system for providing access to websites via amateur radio C. A system for informing amateurs real time of the frequency of active DX stations D. A technique for measuring signal strength of an amateur transmitter via the Internet T8C13 HRLM (6-18) 2014 Technician License Course

These lessons would benefit from demonstrations. It might be difficult to come up with demonstrations of all the latest and greatest things that ham radio has to offer. Usually someone in the area is passionate about one of the operating modes and you can tap them as a demonstration resource. This will add substantially to class time. The goal is not to make the students experts in each of the modes, it is to briefly introduce them to the wide variety of modes available to make them aware of the many opportunities available in ham radio. Lesson Plan Module 14 – Communicating with Other Hams – Part 2 Nets, Emergency Communications, Special Modes and Techniques

Nets Net is short for “Network” Evolved over the years to share and exchange information in an organized and efficient way Social nets Traffic nets Emergency and public service nets Discuss with the students the purpose of nets and some of the nets that are in your area. Invite the students to listen to the nets during the course of the class. Play a recorded net check-in session. Discuss here the purpose and theme of some of the social nets in your area. 2014 Technician License Course

Traffic Nets Traffic refers to formal messages that are relayed via Amateur Radio Radiogram structured to ensure accuracy National Traffic System (NTS) Procedures Accountability Give the students a copy of the radiogram form and go over the various sections of the form, but not in too much detail. The idea here is to give the students the sense that the NTS system and associate procedures are developed to ensure accuracy and accountability of the messages being handled within the system. 2014 Technician License Course

Emergency and Public Service Nets
Public service nets – training for emergency nets Training for ham operators as well as emergency groups and managers supported by Amateur Radio Emergency nets Discuss some of the public service nets that are common in your area and how they are related to training for emergency communications while providing a valuable public service. Discuss some of the emergency net operations that are involved in your area. More detail on emergency communications, of which emergency nets are a part, will be discussed a little later. 2014 Technician License Course

Net Structure Net Control Station (NCS) Traffic cop who controls the flow of information Check-in and check-out procedures Priority/Emergency access to Net Control Communications discipline vital Learn and follow procedures Speak only when directed, and only to whom directed Follow through with your commitments Discuss with the students the structure and general operating procedures of a net. Emphasize the need for communication discipline, particularly for traffic and emergency nets. (Social nets are a different matter) If you have time, role playing may help to demonstrate the point. You might even consider using HTs or FRS/GMRS radios on a simplex frequency to demonstrate net check-in/check-out procedures and even run through a short script of passing some traffic during a simulated emergency net. 2014 Technician License Course

The Radiogram 2014 Technician License Course

Supporting Emergency Operations
One of the most important reasons for the existence of Amateur Radio. Get involved and use what you have learned. Know where you fit in the overall emergency management team. Here is where you can bring some of your own reasons for participating in emergency communications activities. However, stress the realistic role that ham radio plays in emergency management - don’t give false impressions that ham radio is the sole and primary communications method used by emergency managers. Don’t rely too heavily on “When All Else Fails…” Note that the use of the term “emergency communications” is changing. Consult with ARRL HQ and review the instructor resources website for materials that help explain the various categories of assistance hams can render, such as public service, disaster relief, and emergency communications. Ham radio frequently is used as a back-up system that is employed when the primary systems fail. In reality, if ham radio is never used during an emergency, that is a good thing, because that means the primary systems worked as planned. One way to look at it is that ham radio provides some redundant capability – a “force multiplier” that will allow emergency managers to deploy and employ their professional resources in a more effective manner than if the redundant communications reserves provided by ham radio were not available. 2014 Technician License Course

Emergency Communications Organizations
Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES). Supports civil emergencies National in scope Amateur Radio Emergency Service ® (ARES®). Local and regional in scope Supports non-governmental agencies Discuss the two organizations and how they are similar and how they are dissimilar (this depends on your local organizations). 2014 Technician License Course

Emergency Communication Tips
Don’t become part of the problem. You are a communicator, not a decision or policy maker. Don’t give out unauthorized information. Know your abilities and limitations — keep yourself safe. Follow radio discipline and net procedures. Protect personal information — Amateur Radio communications is public. De-emphasize the jargon “emcomm” and use “emergency communications” instead. See slide 7 about using a variety of terms to describe what we can do. Then discuss these practical tips. 2014 Technician License Course

Emergency Declarations
FCC may declare a Temporary State of Communications Emergency. Includes details of conditions and rules to be followed. Specifics communicated through web sites and ARRL bulletins, the NTS, and on-the-air. Avoid operating on restricted frequencies unless engaged in relief efforts. Discuss with the students how this works. Hurricane relief operations are the most common communication emergency that they might encounter. Give them the frequencies used and encourage them to listen in on the relief efforts as a learning exercise. The Hurricane Watch Net website ( is a good place for information. 2014 Technician License Course

Making and Answering Distress Calls
Rule number one – speak in plain language! Mayday (voice); SOS (Morse code) Identify Give location State the situation Describe assistance required Provide other important information Again, role playing will help to illustrate the major concepts in making and answering a distress call. 2014 Technician License Course

Tactical Communications
Tactical Identifiers Facilitate communications Location- or function-specific Transcends operator changes FCC ID rules still apply Give your FCC call sign every 10 minutes and when changing operators The term “tactical call signs” is over-used. Strictly speaking, these aren’t call signs (which are only assigned by the FCC). Because students will frequently hear tactical identifiers being used, it is a good idea to discuss their proper use and show how to stay in compliance with FCC station ID rules and regulations. Role playing here is a good way to illustrate this point and an opportunity for you to model the correct way to use tactical identifiers. 2014 Technician License Course

Emergency Equipment “Go-kits” Portable Amateur Radio equipment Emergency power sources Personal survival supplies and equipment Some examples of “go-kits” will help students see what type of equipment is appropriate in your area. Don’t forget to discuss personal survival gear, emphasize that personal survival considerations is part of “Not becoming part of the problem” that was mentioned earlier. 2014 Technician License Course

Emergency Communications Training
If you are going to participate, get training. Actively participate in training and drill activities. Nets Public service activities Attend community meetings and get involved in your community. Take emergency communication courses. ARRL courses FEMA courses on NIMS and other topics May be required for your participation Review training opportunities in your area. 2014 Technician License Course

Awards, DXing, Contests On-the-air activities provide incentive to get on the radio. Learn about propagation as you search for specific stations on various bands. Improve operating skills. Fun! 2014 Technician License Course

Awards WAC Contacting all six inhabited continents WAS Contacting 50 states VUCC Contacting 100 grid squares on VHF/UHF Bring in awards for show and tell. These are just a few of the major operating awards that are available. Discuss with the students that awards usually require QSL card confirmation of the contact. Also introduce the students to the Logbook of the World as an alternative to QSL cards. Bring in a stack of QSL cards to show the students. Hand out your own QSL card for the students to keep start their collection. One post class activity that you can do related to QSLing is to make first contacts with the students after they get their licenses. Make it a big deal. Have the class reassemble as a group and pass around an HT for their first contacts. At the end of the class, present QSL cards and First Contact Certificates to each participant as a memento. 2014 Technician License Course

DXing Contacting stations far away – a tradition since the first days of radio. On HF, usually means contacting stations in other countries. On VHF/UHF, means contacting stations outside your normal coverage area. 2014 Technician License Course

Contests ARRL Rookie Roundup North American QSO Parties (ncjweb.com) State QSO Parties VHF/UHF Contests CQ World Wide DX Contest (a big one!) Contest Calendars The object of a radio contest is to contact as many different stations in a defined period of time, using specific frequencies and modes, and exchange some information. Results are published for the major contests. Contests test operator radio operating skills as well as technical skills. Point out that there are usually at least one contest opportunity each weekend and how to find out about upcoming contests. ARRL Web contest results would be helpful to illustrate the popularity of contesting in the hobby. This list of contests is suitable for beginners. 2014 Technician License Course

Field Day Emergency communications training with a competitive spirit. Set up portable station and antenna (in the field, mobile, anywhere!) and make as many contacts as possible. Get started with your local club or group – great way to get involved. Field Day is not technically a contest, but it is treated as such by most ham operators. It is an easy way to get a look at HF operating and many different types of ham radio. GOTA (Get On The Air) stations are set up with a mentor to help new hams make contacts and get a little experience. 2014 Technician License Course

Special Events Special Event stations are set up to commemorate some significant local event. Usually stations are demonstration stations set up for public display. Commemorative certificates are awarded for contacting the stations. Bring in some of the special event certificates that you have on hand for show and tell. Bring in the latest QST listing or show the ARRL special event search web page to illustrate the variety of special event themes and the number of special events and call signs. 2014 Technician License Course

Radio Direction Finding
Useful for locating interference or noise sources. Works best with a directional antenna. “Fox hunting” competitions offer a fun opportunity to learn and practice. Good training for search and rescue. Good combination of outdoor activities and radio training. DF-ing can be local and informal or large competitions that are popular around the world. IARU Region II ARDF - Homing In - 2014 Technician License Course

Amateur Satellites OSCAR Orbiting Satellites Carrying Amateur Radio Modes FM Analog (SSB and CW) Digital International Space Station Satellite operating might interest some hams of the hams. Briefly describe the station equipment required to effectively operate through a satellite and the type of satellite modes available. Discuss some of the technical challenges that have to be considered to operate satellites; finding and tracking the satellite, Doppler compensation, working with transponder equipment, etc. If you are lucky, an ISS “pass” will be visible during one of your classes. Use heavens-above.com to find visible passes in your area. 2014 Technician License Course

Satellite Terms Uplink – Earth stations transmit to satellite Downlink – Satellite transmits to stations on Earth Beacon – Signal from satellite with information about satellite operating conditions Doppler Shift – Shift in frequency due to relative motion between satellite and Earth station LEO – Low Earth Orbit 2014 Technician License Course

Satellite Terms Spin fading – caused by rotation of satellite Pacsat – packet radio satellite Tracking software – gives beam heading and times when satellite is in view Mode – bands satellite is using for uplink and downlink (eg Mode U/V = 70 cm uplink, 2 meters downlink) 2014 Technician License Course

Other Special Modes Slow Scan TV (SSTV) Sending snap-shot pictures One frame every few seconds Amateur TV (ATV) Similar to commercial TV imagery Uses analog TV format (NTSC) 2014 Technician License Course

Other Special Modes Radio Control (RC) Telecommand 50 MHz band Note that amateurs have a special set of frequencies for RC that are unavailable to unlicensed modelers. 2014 Technician License Course

What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telemetry?
A. An information bulletin issued by the FCC B. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a device at a distance C. A one-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument D. An information bulletin from a VEC FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(46)] T1A07 HRLM (6-33) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telecommand?
A. An instruction bulletin issued by the FCC B. A one-way radio transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument C. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a device at a distance D. An instruction from a VEC FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(45)] T1A13 HRLM (6-33) 2014 Technician License Course

When do the FCC rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur station? A. When operating a RACES station B. When operating under special FEMA rules C. When operating under special ARES rules D. Never, FCC rules always apply FCC Rule: [97.103(a)] T2C01 HRLM (6-25) 2014 Technician License Course

What do RACES and ARES have in common?
A. They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United States B. Both organizations broadcast road and weather traffic information C. Neither may handle emergency traffic supporting public service agencies D. Both organizations may provide communications during emergencies T2C04 HRLM (6-24) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following describes the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES)? A. A radio service using amateur frequencies for emergency management or civil defense communications B. A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense communications C. An emergency service using amateur operators certified by a civil defense organization as being enrolled in that organization D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(38), ] T2C05 HRLM (6-24) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an accepted practice to get the immediate attention of a net control station when reporting an emergency? A. Repeat the words SOS three times followed by the call sign of the reporting station B. Press the push-to-talk button three times C. Begin your transmission with “Priority” or “Emergency” followed by your call sign D. Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone followed by your call sign T2C06 HRLM (6-21) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an accepted practice for an amateur operator who has checked into an emergency traffic net? A. Whenever the net frequency is quiet, announce your call sign and location B. Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequency C. Remain on frequency without transmitting until asked to do so by the net control station D. All of the choices are correct T2C07 HRLM (6-21) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a characteristic of good emergency traffic handling? A. Passing messages exactly as received B. Making decisions as to whether or not messages should be relayed or delivered C. Communicating messages to the news media for broadcast outside the disaster area D. All of these choices are correct T2C08 HRLM (6-22) 2014 Technician License Course

Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class? A. No B. Yes, but only when part of a FEMA emergency plan C. Yes, but only when part of a RACES emergency plan D. Yes, but only if necessary in situations involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of property FCC Rule: [97.403(b)] T2C09 HRLM (6-25) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the preamble in a formal traffic message?
A. The first paragraph of the message text B. The message number C. The priority handling indicator for the message D. The information needed to track the message as it passes through the amateur radio traffic handling system T2C10 HRLM (6-22) 2014 Technician License Course

What is meant by the term "check" in reference to a formal traffic message? A. The check is a count of the number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message B. The check is the value of a money order attached to the message C. The check is a list of stations that have relayed the message D. The check is a box on the message form that tells you the message was received T2C11 HRLM (6-22) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?
A. Licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service B. Licensed amateurs who are members of the military and who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling services in the case of an emergency C. A training program that provides licensing courses for those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use during emergencies D. A training program that certifies amateur operators for membership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service T2C12 HRLM (6-24) 2014 Technician License Course

Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station? A. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator B. A General Class licensee or higher licensee who has a satellite operator certification C. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member D. Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency FCC Rule: [97.301, (c)] T8B01 HRLM (6-30) 2014 Technician License Course

How much transmitter power should be used on the uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space station? A. The maximum power of your transmitter B. The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact C. No more than half the rating of your linear amplifier D. Never more than 1 watt FCC Rule: [97.313] T8B02 HRLM (6-31) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following are provided by satellite tracking programs?
A. Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over the earth B. The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and end of a pass C. The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shift D. All of these answers are correct T8B03 HRLM (6-31) 2014 Technician License Course

Which amateur stations may make contact with an amateur station on the International Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm band amateur radio frequencies? A. Only members of amateur radio clubs at NASA facilities B. Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class license C. Only the astronaut's family members who are hams D. You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur radio frequencies FCC Rule: [97.301, (c)] T8B04 HRLM (6-30) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a satellite beacon?
A. The primary transmit antenna on the satellite B. An indicator light that shows where to point your antenna C. A reflective surface on the satellite D. A transmission from a space station that contains information about a satellite T8B05 HRLM (6-30) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking program?
A. The weight of the satellite B. The Keplerian elements C. The last observed time of zero Doppler shift D. All of these answers are correct T8B06 HRLM (6-31) 2014 Technician License Course

With regard to satellite communications, what is Doppler shift?
A. A change in the satellite orbit B. A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits on another C. An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station D. A special digital communications mode for some satellites T8B07 HRLM (6-30) 2014 Technician License Course

What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in mode U/V? A. The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter band B. The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band C. The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequencies D. The satellite frequencies are usually variable T8B08 HRLM (6-31) 2014 Technician License Course

What causes spin fading when referring to satellite signals?
A. Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun B. Rotation of the satellite and its antennas C. Doppler shift of the received signal D. Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band T8B09 HRLM (6-31) 2014 Technician License Course

What do the initials LEO tell you about an amateur satellite?
A. The satellite battery is in Low Energy Operation mode B. The satellite is performing a Lunar Ejection Orbit maneuver C. The satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit D. The satellite uses Light Emitting Optics T8B10 HRLM (6-30) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a commonly used method of sending signals to and from a digital satellite? A. USB AFSK B. PSK31 C. FM Packet D. WSJT T8B11 HRLM (6-31) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming? A. Echolocation B. Doppler radar C. Radio direction finding D. Phase locking T8C01 HRLM (6-29) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?
A. Calibrated SWR meter B. A directional antenna C. A calibrated noise bridge D. All of these choices are correct T8C02 HRLM (6-29) 2014 Technician License Course

What popular operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period of time? A. Contesting B. Net operations C. Public service events D. Simulated emergency exercises T8C03 HRLM (6-28) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is good procedure when contacting another station in a radio contest? A. Be sure to sign only the last two letters of your call if there is a pileup calling the station B. Work the station twice to be sure that you are in his log C. Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange D. All of these choices are correct T8C04 HRLM (6-28) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the maximum power allowed when transmitting telecommand signals to radio controlled models? A. 500 milliwatts B. 1 watt C. 25 watts D watts FCC Rule: [97.215(c)] T8C07 HRLM (6-33) 2014 Technician License Course

What is required in place of on-air station identification when sending signals to a radio control model using amateur frequencies? A. Voice identification must be transmitted every 10 minutes B. Morse code ID must be sent once per hour C. A label indicating the licensee’s name, call sign and address must be affixed to the transmitter D. A flag must be affixed to the transmitter antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high letters or larger FCC Rule: [97.215(a)] T8C08 HRLM (6-33) 2014 Technician License Course

What type of transmission is indicated by the term NTSC?
A. A Normal Transmission mode in Static Circuit B. A special mode for earth satellite uplink C. An analog fast scan color TV signal D. A frame compression scheme for TV signals T8D04 HRLM (6-32) 2014 Technician License Course

Lesson Module 15 – License Regulations and Privileges

Section 1 – License Rules
Licensing authority for Amateur Radio Federal Communications Commission FCC rules published in Part 97 of Title 47 – Code of Federal Regulations. Usually referred to as “Part 97” During this section of the class you will cover material that is less than stimulating but very important. Discuss the role of the FCC in management of the radio frequency spectrum in the United States and how ham radio fits into the big picture. Point out the official regulations that authorize and manage ham radio operations. Also point out that the students will hear a lot about Part 97 rules, and that this is just a short hand reference to the rules section that pertains specifically to ham radio. 2014 Technician License Course

Why Is There Ham Radio? (Part 97.1) Providing emergency communication capability. Advancement of the art and science of radio. Advance communication and technical skills of radio. Provide a trained reservoir of operators, technicians and electronics experts. Promote and enhance international goodwill. Discuss the mission of ham radio from your point of view. 2014 Technician License Course

Some Definitions Amateur Service – no pecuniary interest (private and personal, non commercial). Amateur Operator – the person holding authorization (license) to operate an Amateur Radio station. Amateur Station – equipment capable of transmitting on frequencies authorized for Amateur Service. Some of this material may seem to be self-evident but make sure that everyone understands the subtle differences between amateur radio and the other radio services. Particularly stress the non-commercial nature of ham radio. The lines here are becoming increasingly blurred with more professionals joining the amateur radio community as a way of providing emergency communications capabilities for their organizations. 2014 Technician License Course

The Amateur License No age limit or citizenship restrictions. One exception – foreign representatives License actually contains two parts. Operator license Station license (the call sign) Three levels of operator privileges: Technician, General, Amateur Extra. Discuss the equal opportunity aspects of ham radio, virtually anyone can obtain a license The license actually has two parts, the operator part allows the holder to operate an amateur radio station, the station part authorizes the physical station to be operated. Make the analogy to a driver’s license and the license plates on the vehicle. 2014 Technician License Course

Licensing Examinations
Volunteer Examiners (VEs) Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (VECs) Preparation Study the content Question Pool Taking the exam Proctored exam Multiple choice What the fee pays for Most of this material has already been covered at some point during the first few hours of the course, but this is a good place to tie it all together. Explain how examinations are managed and what VEs and VECs are. Perhaps any VE team members could be present during this time to introduce themselves. Show examples of the forms that need to be filled out and have examples of the NCVEC 605 and CSCE forms. Emphasize the purpose of the exam fee and what it is used for. Also emphasize that the actual ham license is free. 2014 Technician License Course

License Term and Renewal
The license is free and good for 10 years. Renewable within 90 days of the expiration date. Some personal identification information is required. Tax ID (Social Security Number). Current Mailing Address. Federal Registration Number (FRN). Security of personal information is important, but the government needs to know certain things about you before the license can be issued. Social security numbers are one area that makes people uncomfortable giving up. Explain that after the initial license is issued (and the SSN is required for that first issuance) that an FRN number will be assigned and the sensitive SSN will not be required for further interaction with the FCC. The student can wait for the FCC to issue an FRN when they process the first license application, or if the student desires, they and use the FCC Universal Licensing System web site to obtain their own FRN and then use that FRN on the 605 form. Assure the student that the VEC system is pretty secure and there is little risk of sensitive personal information getting into the wrong hands. This is a good time to reinforce that Amateur Radio is a public service, using public airwaves. You must identify yourself as a licensee in order to receive the privileges and protections due a licensed operator. That’s the trade-off. 2014 Technician License Course

Responsibilities of Licensure
Prevent unauthorized operation of your station. Provide personal information as required – keep a current mailing address on file. Make your station available for FCC inspection upon request. The ham radio operators responsibilities might seem intimidating to the new ham, but assure them that it is not a big deal. Give them examples how they can prevent unauthorized operation of their stations (remove the microphone when they are not physically present, etc.) Updating mailing addresses is probably the area where most do not comply, but making the change in the records is very painless and tell them how to do it. Finally, operating a ham radio is a privilege, not a right. Having your station be open to inspection is a requirement to the authorization. The FCC will not inspect your station without cause. 2014 Technician License Course

FCC ULS Web Site Register for on-line access to your license information. Make changes to your address and other information. Renew your license. Search for other station information. The FCC web site is fairly easy to use and it allows the ham to perform the required actions to maintain a current license themselves. The FRN is the key that unlocks those doors. If you have the capability, demonstrate accessing the ULS live during the class to illustrate how it can be used. As a suggestion, write your FRN on my station license so that you can easily find it when needed. 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio Service rules and regulations as defined by the FCC? A. Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible B. Providing communications for international non-profit organizations C. Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.1] T1A01 HRLM (7-2) 2014 Technician License Course

Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States? A. FEMA B. The ITU C. The FCC D. Homeland Security FCC Rule: [97.1] T1A02 HRLM (7-2) 2014 Technician License Course

Which part of the FCC regulations contains the rules governing the Amateur Radio Service? A. Part 73 B. Part 95 C. Part 90 D. Part 97 T1A03 HRLM (7-1) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a purpose of the amateur service rules and regulations as defined by the FCC? A. Enhancing international goodwill B. Providing inexpensive communication for local emergency organizations C. Training of operators in military radio operating procedures D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.1 (e)] T1A05 HRLM (7-2) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the FCC Part 97 definition of an amateur station?
A. A station in the Amateur Radio Service consisting of the apparatus necessary for carrying on radio communications B. A building where Amateur Radio receivers, transmitters, and RF power amplifiers are installed C. Any radio station operated by a non-professional D. Any radio station for hobby use FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(5)] T1A10 HRLM (7-3) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a permissible use of the amateur radio service?
A. Broadcasting music and videos to friends B. Providing a way for amateur radio operators to earn additional income by using their stations to pass messages C. Providing low-cost communications for start-up businesses D. Allowing a person to conduct radio experiments and to communicate with other licensed hams around the world T1A12 HRLM (7-2) 2014 Technician License Course

What may result when correspondence from the FCC is returned as undeliverable because the grantee failed to provide the correct mailing address? A. Fine or imprisonment B. Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license C. Require the licensee to be re-examined D. A reduction of one rank in operator class FCC Rule: [97.23] T1C07 HRLM (7-9) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the normal term for an FCC-issued primary station-operator amateur radio license grant? A. Five years B. Life C. Ten years D. Twenty years FCC Rule: [97.25] T1C08 HRLM (7-8) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the grace period following the expiration of an amateur license within which the license may be renewed? A. Two years B. Three years C. Five years D. Ten years FCC Rule: [97.21(b)] T1C09 HRLM (7-8) 2014 Technician License Course

How soon after passing the examination for your first amateur radio license may you operate a transmitter on an amateur service frequency? A. Immediately B. 30 days after the test date C. As soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC’s ULS database D. You must wait until you receive your license in the mail from the FCC FCC Rule: [97.5a] T1C10 HRLM (7-6) 2014 Technician License Course

If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, may you continue to operate a transmitter on amateur service frequencies? A. No, transmitting is not allowed until the FCC database shows that the license has been renewed B. Yes, but only if you identify using the suffix GP C. Yes, but only during authorized nets D. Yes, for up to two years FCC Rule: [97.21(b)] T1C11 HRLM (7-8) 2014 Technician License Course

For which license classes are new licenses currently available from the FCC? A. Novice, Technician, General, Advanced B. Technician, Technician Plus, General, Advanced C. Novice, Technician Plus, General, Advanced D. Technician, General, Amateur Extra FCC Rule: [97.9(a), 97.17(a)] T1C13 HRLM (7-3) 2014 Technician License Course

When must the station licensee make the station and its records available for FCC inspection? A. At any time ten days after notification by the FCC of such an inspection B. At any time upon request by an FCC representative C. Only after failing to comply with an FCC notice of violation D. Only when the presented with a valid warrant by an FCC official or government agent FCC Rule: [97.103(c)] T1F13 HRLM (7-9) 2014 Technician License Course

Section 2 – Privileges What can you do with a Technician license? Power privileges Maximum of 1500 watts peak envelope power (PEP) Don’t use excessive power for the purpose Some special cases where power is restricted 200 watts on 80, 40, 15, 10 meters 50 watts on 219–220 MHz See § for other restrictions During this section of the class the students will learn about what frequencies they are allowed to use, along with authorized modes and power levels. 2014 Technician License Course

What Can You Do with a Technician Class License?
Frequency Privileges: Band versus frequency. Go over the frequency authorizations for the Technician license. Review the band plan and hand out a band plan chart and show the students how to read it and extract required information. Review with the students how the references to band a frequency are used sometimes interchangeably. Remember, bands are frequency ranges that have the same characteristics. The band identification is like a city name, the frequency is like a specific street address that you want to visit. “Let’s meet on 6 meters tonight.” “No, my 6 meter antenna is down right now, how about 2?” “Okay, 2 meters, how about ?” 2014 Technician License Course

What Can You Do with a Technician Class License?
Emission Privileges: Review with the students the different emission types. You probably have talked about this already with them. Point out that there may be restrictions, either by regulation or by gentlemen's agreement, on where certain emission types are used. This information is on the band plan chart. 2014 Technician License Course

Primary and Secondary Allocations
Some authorized amateur frequencies are shared. Primary Users Secondary Users – must avoid interfering with users of the primary service Primary users are protected from interference from other stations. Secondary users can use the frequencies if they don’t cause interference. If hams are secondary users of shared frequencies (which is the case most of the time), they must yield the use of the frequencies to the primary users if they are present. If you location is near the Canadian border, emphasize the restrictions with the “Line A” area on 70 cm. 2014 Technician License Course

Band Plans Voluntary arrangements that apply under normal band loading conditions Explain “normal loading conditions”. 2014 Technician License Course

Frequency Coordinators
Groups that help allocate repeater channels to minimize interference Elected by local or regional amateurs Repeaters approved by the coordinators are coordinated FCC considers frequency coordination “good amateur practice.” Identify the local frequency coordinator group. 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following entities recommends transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations? A. Frequency Spectrum Manager B. Frequency Coordinator C. FCC Regional Field Office D. International Telecommunication Union FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(22)] T1A08 HRLM (7-16) 2014 Technician License Course

Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?
A. The FCC Office of Spectrum Management and Coordination Policy B. The local chapter of the Office of National Council of Independent Frequency Coordinators C. Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be auxiliary or repeater stations D. FCC Regional Field Office FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(22)] T1A09 HRLM (7-17) 2014 Technician License Course

What must you do if you are operating on the 23 cm band and learn that you are interfering with a radiolocation station outside the United States? A. Stop operating or take steps to eliminate the harmful interference B. Nothing, because this band is allocated exclusively to the amateur service C. Establish contact with the radiolocation station and ask them to change frequency D. Change to CW mode, because this would not likely cause interference FCC Rule: [97.303(d)] T1A14 HRLM (7-16) 2014 Technician License Course

Which frequency is within the 6 meter band?
A MHz B MHz C MHz D MHz FCC Rule: [97.301(a)] T1B03 HRLM (7-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Which amateur band are you using when your station is transmitting on MHz? A. 2 meter band B. 20 meter band C. 14 meter band D. 6 meter band FCC Rule: [97.301(a)] T1B04 HRLM (7-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Which 70 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Class license holder operating in ITU Region 2? A MHz B MHz C MHz D MHz FCC Rule: [97.301(a)] T1B05 HRLM (7-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Which 23 cm frequency is authorized to a Technician Class operator licensee? A MHz B MHz C MHz D MHz FCC Rule: [97.301(a)] T1B06 HRLM (7-12) 2014 Technician License Course

What amateur band are you using if you are transmitting on 223.50 MHz?
A. 15 meter band B. 10 meter band C. 2 meter band D meter band FCC Rule: [97.301(a)] T1B07 HRLM (7-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a result of the fact that the amateur service is “secondary” in some portions of the 70 cm band? A. U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in the bands, and must avoid interfering with them B. U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur stations priority in those portions C. International communications is not permitted on 70 cm D. Digital transmission are not permitted on 70 cm FCC Rule: [97.303] T1B08 HRLM (7-15) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the bands above 30 MHz that are available to Technician Class operators have mode-restricted sub-bands? A. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 70 cm bands B. The 2 meter and 13 cm bands C. The 6 meter, 2 meter, and 1.25 meter bands D. The 2 meter and 70 cm bands FCC Rule: [97.301(e), (c)] T1B10 HRLM (7-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What emission modes are permitted in the mode-restricted sub-bands at 50.0 to 50.1 MHz and to MHz? A. CW only B. CW and RTTY C. SSB only D. CW and SSB FCC Rule: [97.301(a), (a)(c)] T1B11 HRLM (7-13) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following emission modes may be used between 219 and 220 MHz? A. Spread spectrum B. Data C. SSB voice D. Fast-scan television FCC Rule: [97.305(c)] T1B13 HRLM (7-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC?
A. A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band B. A mandated list of operating schedules C. A list of scheduled net frequencies D. A plan devised by a club to indicate frequency band usage T2A10 HRLM (7-16) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an FCC rule regarding power levels used in the amateur bands, under normal, non-distress circumstances? A. There is no limit to power as long as there is no interference with other services B. No more than 200 watts PEP may be used C. Up to 1500 watts PEP may be used on any amateur frequency without restriction D. While not exceeding the maximum power permitted on a given band, use the minimum power necessary to carry out the desired communication FCC Rule: [97.313(a)] T2A11 HRLM (7-15) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is true of the use of SSB phone in amateur bands above 50 MHz? A. It is permitted only by holders of a General Class or higher license B. It is permitted only on repeaters C. It is permitted in at least some portion of all the amateur bands above 50 MHz D. It is permitted only when power is limited to no more than 100 watts T2B13 HRLM (6-9) 2014 Technician License Course

Section 3 – International Rules
International Telecommunication Union (ITU). Regions 1, 2 and 3 Continental US hams are in Region 2 Some Pacific possessions in Region 3 2014 Technician License Course

International Operating Authorization
Reciprocal operating authority International Amateur Radio Permit (IARP) CEPT licensing ARRL website on international operating 2014 Technician License Course

International Operating Authorization
Must comply with host country regulations May operate from US-flagged vessels Host country’s rules apply in territorial waters Contacts with other countries must be allowed by that country and by the US Very rare for contacts to be prohibited! 2014 Technician License Course

What is the ITU? A. An agency of the United States Department of Telecommunications Management B. A United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues C. An independent frequency coordination agency D. A department of the FCC T1B01 HRLM (7-17) 2014 Technician License Course

Why are the frequency assignments for some U.S. Territories different from those in the 50 U.S. States? A. Some U.S. Territories are located in ITU regions other than region 2 B. Territorial governments are allowed to select their own frequency allocations C. Territorial frequency allocations must also include those of adjacent countries D. Any territory that was in existence before the ratification of the Communications Act of 1934 is exempt from FCC frequency regulations FCC Rule: [97.301] T1B02 HRLM (7-18) 2014 Technician License Course

Why are frequency assignments for U.S. stations operating maritime mobile not the same everywhere in the world? A. Amateur maritime mobile stations in international waters must conform to the frequency assignments of the country nearest to their vessel B. Amateur frequency assignments can vary among the three ITU regions C. Frequency assignments are determined by the captain of the vessel D. Amateur frequency assignments are different in each of the 90 ITU zones FCC Rule: [97.301] T1B12 HRLM (7-18) 2014 Technician License Course

What types of international communications are permitted by an FCC-licensed amateur station? A. Communications incidental to the purposes of the amateur service and remarks of a personal character B. Communications incidental to conducting business or remarks of a personal nature C. Only communications incidental to contest exchanges, all other communications are prohibited D. Any communications that would be permitted by an international broadcast station FCC Rule: [97.117] T1C03 HRLM (7-19) 2014 Technician License Course

When are you allowed to operate your amateur station in a foreign country? A. When the foreign country authorizes it B. When there is a mutual agreement allowing third party communications C. When authorization permits amateur communications in a foreign language D. When you are communicating with non-licensed individuals in another country FCC Rule: [97.107] T1C04 HRLM (7-18) 2014 Technician License Course

From which of the following locations may an FCC-licensed amateur station transmit, in addition to places where the FCC regulates communications? A. From within any country that belongs to the International Telecommunication Union B. From within any country that is a member of the United Nations C. From anywhere within in ITU Regions 2 and 3 D. From any vessel or craft located in international waters and documented or registered in the United States FCC Rule: [97.5(a)(2)] T1C06 HRLM (7-18) 2014 Technician License Course

With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur stations prohibited from exchanging communications? A. Any country whose administration has notified the ITU that it objects to such communications B. Any country whose administration has notified the ARRL that it objects to such communications C. Any country engaged in hostilities with another country D. Any country in violation of the War Powers Act of 1934 FCC Rule: [97.111(a)(1)] T1D01 HRLM (7-19) 2014 Technician License Course

Technician License Course Chapters 7 and 8
Lesson Module 16 – Call Signs, Control Operators, Station Identification and Third-Party Communications

Call Signs – Your “Radio Name”
All amateur call signs have a prefix and a suffix Prefix – indicates country of license Suffix – indicates a specific licensee Prefix – generally two or three letters and numbers assigned by the ITU Suffix – one or more letters Explain how the ITU assigns blocks of prefixes to each individual country – give examples. Show amateur call signs and contrast to commercial, broadcast, and Citizens Band call signs. 2014 Technician License Course

Call Signs US call signs begin with: K, N, W, and AA–AL Ten US call sign districts indicated by 0–9 in prefix Pacific and Caribbean possessions have special prefixes Pass out a U.S. map with the call sign districts. Explain that the number in a call sign indicates the district of the licensee’s address when the call was assigned. Note that hams can move to a new location or request vanity calls that have different numbers than their original district. 2014 Technician License Course

Call Signs U.S. call sign types for amateurs 1x1 (W1W); 1x2 (W1WW); 2x1 (WW1W); 2x2 (WW1WW); 1x3 (W1WWW); or 2x3 (WW1WWW) Assigned by license class 1x1 (“one by one”) is for special events Refer to the FCC sequential call sign system for a description of call sign groups Discuss the structure of U.S. call signs and what the students can expect for their first call signs. Have on hand some QSL cards from the U.S. and from other countries. Use them to illustrate different U.S. call sign groups and how they differ from those of other countries. Call sign groups are not defined in the Part 97 rules, only that a "sequential call sign system" will be used. The details of each call sign group can be found at Currently, all of the 1x3 (Group C) call signs have been assigned sequentially (i.e. - in order) and Technician licensees are being assigned 2x3 (Group D) call signs in regions Many Group C call signs were first assigned long ago. Now that their original assignees are no longer using them, they are available to Technicians through the Vanity Call program. 2014 Technician License Course

Call Signs Indicators – added to the call sign following a slash (/) or a word such as “portable” Portable – operating away from primary station location Mobile, aeronautical mobile, maritime mobile Upgrade indicators “AG” or “AE” or “KT” Discuss self-assigned indicators and what they mean. Give examples such as /KL7 or /KH6 that are especially useful to hams. It’s not required but they can also use /# to indicate operation from a different location than the home station. Note that maritime mobile requires operation outside the territorial waters of the U.S. – not just operating from a vessel. Point out that after upgrading, they can add the AG or AE and immediately use the new authorized privileges before the upgrade is posted in the FCC database. 2014 Technician License Course

Choosing Your Call Sign
Vanity call signs – similar to vanity license plates Pick any call sign authorized for your license class Technicians can have 2x3 (Group D) or 1x3 (Group C) calls Discuss with the students how each licensee can request a specific, un-issued, call sign. Point out that a fee is required to obtain and maintain the vanity call sign. This would be a good opportunity to mention the ARRL’s many licensing services that are available and that some of the services are free to members. 2014 Technician License Course

Special Event and Club Calls
Special event call signs: 1x1 Reserved via administrators ( Club calls Must have a valid club Application by club’s trustee Discuss with the students briefly how and why they might obtain a special event call. Give examples of a local special event from your area. Review briefly the requirements for a club in order for a club call to be assigned. The trustee makes the application and serves as the contact point for the FCC. 2014 Technician License Course

Control Operator Control operator – the amateur licensee responsible for making sure transmissions comply with FCC rules. The FCC requires that transmissions are made only under the control of a licensed operator. This is a key aspect of the FCC rules – all transmissions are the responsibility of a licensed control operator, regardless of the type of control. 2014 Technician License Course

Control Operator Designated by the station licensee. Must have a valid FCC-issued Amateur Radio license or have reciprocal operating permission. Station must operate within the authorization of the control operator’s license. Control operator must be present at the control point of the station Assumed to be the station licensee unless otherwise documented. The control operator must be licensed. The station must be operated within the privileges of the control operator’s license and the control operator must be present at the transmitter’s control point. If an Extra Class and a Tech Class ham are operating a station and the Tech is the control operator, then the station is restricted to Tech privileges. To use the Extra class privileges, than the Extra Class ham must be the control operator. The control operator must be in a position to ensure proper operation of the station and to prevent improper transmissions. For example, the control operator of a repeater must be able to turn off the repeater if there are improper transmissions being made. This would usually done by remote control. 2014 Technician License Course

Control Point Wherever the station controls are operated – not necessarily the physical transmitter The control operator must be able to assert control of the transmitter Control point can be at the transmitter, or linked to the transmitter Control by a circuit or computer is also allowed Note that types of control are covered in the next module. 2014 Technician License Course

Guest Operations Non-licensed people can make transmissions but only when a control operator is present. The control operator is solely responsible for station operation. For licensed guest operators, both the control operator and the guest ham are responsible for station operation. Create different scenarios to illustrate how this works: A young ham allowing his or her un-licensed parent to use an HT A licensed teacher allowing the students to talk on a radio. Unlicensed emergency responders using an ARES member’s radio to communicate during an emergency. Demonstrating ham radio to an unlicensed guest and allowing them to talk on the air 2014 Technician License Course

Station Identification (ID)
All transmissions must be identified State the call sign every 10 minutes during and at the end of the communication Use phonetics on voice modes Use of “Tactical Calls” Licensed Guests You are only required to transmit your call sign at 10-minute intervals and at the end of communication with the other station or stations. The communication can consist of a sequence of transmissions so the call sign does not have to be given at the end of each transmission. Give some examples of proper identification. Also mention that regardless of the language being used for the contact, the station identification must be made in English. It is good practice to say both call signs so that others know who is on the air…maybe they will want to join in the conversation. Review “tactical calls” (more accurately, tactical identifiers) and how they might be used. Also stress that the 10-minute ID rule still applies with regard to the operator’s assigned call and give an example of how to properly use tactical and personal call signs to satisfy this requirement. Finally review how a guest operator who has a higher class license than the owner of the station must identify – by appending their call to the station owners call sign. This is why it is more common for the station owner to “lend” the station to the guest operator – so they don’t have to say or send both calls each time. 2014 Technician License Course

Miscellaneous ID Rules
Repeaters must also ID using the same 10 minute rule. Can be voice or CW (at 20 WPM or less). Satellites and ISS have special rules. Special event calls. Club call or control operator call given once per hour. There are many special circumstances. The important thing here is for the students to recognize that the rules are not always hard and fast and that there are exceptions that need to be understood if they will be involved in these kinds of operations. The important thing is for a listening station to be able to identify the source of a transmission. 2014 Technician License Course

Third-Party Communications
Third-party communication – transmissions on behalf of an unlicensed entity Could mean actually speaking on the air Could mean passing a message on behalf of third party Two situations – different rules Within the US Communication that crosses international borders Define third-party communications and give some examples. 2014 Technician License Course

Third-Party within US No special rules. Just make sure the message is non-commercial in nature. 2014 Technician License Course

Third-Party Across Borders
Third-party agreement with US must exist Check for current third-party agreements from ARRL website or FCC sources if in doubt Most agreements are within ITU Region II This includes contest operation Identify with both stations’ call signs Pass out copies of the table in the text that lists the countries we have third-party agreements with. 2014 Technician License Course

Which type of call sign has a single letter in both the prefix and suffix? A. Vanity B. Sequential C. Special event D. In-memoriam FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(11)(iii)] T1C01 HRLM (7-22) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a valid US amateur radio station call sign?
A. KMA3505 B. W3ABC C. KDKA D. 11Q1176 T1C02 HRLM (7-20) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a vanity call sign which a technician class amateur operator might select if available? A. K1XXX B. KA1X C. W1XX D. All of these choices are correct T1C05 HRLM (7-22) 2014 Technician License Course

Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules?
A. Only licensed amateurs with General or Extra Class licenses B. Only licensed amateurs with an Extra Class license C. Only an amateur licensee who has been licensed continuously for more than 10 years D. Any licensed amateur FCC Rule: [97.19] T1C12 HRLM (1) 2014 Technician License Course

Who may select a vanity call sign for a club station?
A. Any Extra Class member of the club B. Any member of the club C. Any officer of the club D. Only the person named as trustee on the club station license grant FCC Rule: [97.21(a) (1)] T1C14 HRLM (7-22) 2014 Technician License Course

When may an amateur station make transmissions without identifying?
A. When the transmissions are of a brief nature to make station adjustments B. When the transmission are unmodulated C. When the transmitted power level is below 1 watt D. Never FCC Rule: [97.119(a), (a)] T1D11 HRLM (8-3) 2014 Technician License Course

When is an amateur station permitted to transmit without a control operator? A. When using automatic control, such as in the case of a repeater B. When the station licensee is away and another licensed amateur is using the station C. When the transmitting station is an auxiliary station D. Never FCC Rule: [97.7] T1E01 HRLM (8-1) 2014 Technician License Course

Who is eligible to be the control operator of an amateur station?
A. Any U.S. citizen or registered alien B. Any family member of the station licensee C. Any person over the age of 18 D. Only a person for whom an amateur operator/primary station license grant appears in the FCC database or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation FCC Rule: [97.7(a,b)] T1E02 HRLM (8-2) 2014 Technician License Course

Who must designate the station control operator?
A. The station licensee B. The FCC C. The frequency coordinator D. The ITU FCC Rule: [97.103(b)] T1E03 HRLM (8-1) 2014 Technician License Course

What determines the transmitting privileges of an amateur station?
A. The frequency authorized by the frequency coordinator B. The class of operator license held by the station licensee C. The highest class of operator license held by anyone on the premises D. The class of operator license held by the control operator FCC Rule: [97.105(b)] T1E04 HRLM (8-2) 2014 Technician License Course

What is an amateur station control point?
A. The location of the station’s transmitting antenna B. The location of the station transmitting apparatus C. The location at which the control operator function is performed D. The mailing address of the station licensee FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(14)] T1E05 HRLM (8-2) 2014 Technician License Course

When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is responsible for the proper operation of the station? A. All licensed amateurs who are present at the operation B. Only the station licensee C. Only the control operator D. The control operator and the station licensee are equally responsible FCC Rule: [97.103(a)] T1E07 HRLM (8-2) 2014 Technician License Course

Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of an amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in the station records? A. The station custodian B. The third party participant C. The person operating the station equipment D. The station licensee FCC Rule: [97.103(a)] T1E11 HRLM (8-2) 2014 Technician License Course

When, under normal circumstances, may a Technician Class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an exclusive Extra Class operator segment of the amateur bands? A. At no time B. When operating a special event station C. As part of a multi-operator contest team D. When using a club station whose trustee is an Extra Class operator licensee FCC Rule: [97.119(e)] T1E12 HRLM (8-2) 2014 Technician License Course

What type of identification is being used when identifying a station on the air as Race Headquarters? A. Tactical call B. An official call sign reserved for RACES drills C. SSID D. Broadcast station T1F01 HRLM (8-4) 2014 Technician License Course

When using tactical identifiers such as “Race Headquarters” during a community service net operation, how often must your station transmit the station’s FCC-assigned call sign? A. Never, the tactical call is sufficient B. Once during every hour C. At the end of each communication and every ten minutes during a communication D. At the end of every transmission FCC Rule: [ (a)] T1F02 HRLM (8-4) 2014 Technician License Course

When is an amateur station required to transmit its assigned call sign? A. At the beginning of each contact, and every 10 minutes thereafter B. At least once during each transmission C. At least every 15 minutes during and at the end of a communication D. At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication FCC Rule: [97.119(a)] T1F03 HRLM (8-3) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an acceptable language to use for station identification when operating in a phone sub-band? A. Any language recognized by the United Nations B. Any language recognized by the ITU C. The English language D. English, French, or Spanish FCC Rule: [97.119(b)(2)] T1F04 HRLM (8-4) 2014 Technician License Course

What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals? A. Send the call sign followed by the indicator RPT B. Send the call sign using CW or phone emission C. Send the call sign followed by the indicator R D. Send the call sign using only phone emission FCC Rule: [97.119(b)(2)] T1F05 HRLM (8-4) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following formats of a self-assigned indicator is acceptable when identifying using a phone transmission? A. KL7CC stroke W3 B. KL7CC slant W3 C. KL7CC slash W3 D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.119(c)] T1F06 HRLM (8-4) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to use a station under the control of a Technician Class control operator to speak to a foreign station? A. The person must be a U.S. citizen B. The foreign station must be one with whom the U.S. has a “third party agreement” C. The licensed control operator must do the station identification D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.115(a)(2)] T1F07 HRLM (8-10) 2014 Technician License Course

Which indicator is required by the FCC to be transmitted after a station call sign? A. /M when operating mobile B. /R when operating a repeater C. / followed the FCC Region number when operating out of the region in which the license was issued D. /KT, /AE or /AG when using new license privileges earned by CSCE while waiting for an upgrade to a previously issued license to appear in the ULS database FCC Rule: [ (f)] T1F08 HRLM (8-5) 2014 Technician License Course

To which foreign stations do the FCC rules authorize the transmission of non-emergency third party communications? A. Any station whose government permits such communications B. Those in ITU Region 2 only C. Those in ITU Regions 2 and 3 only D. Those in ITU Region 3 only FCC Rule: [97.115(a)] T1F11 HRLM (8-9) 2014 Technician License Course

How many persons are required to be members of a club for a club station license to be issued by the FCC? A. At least 5 B. At least 4 C. A trustee and 2 officers D. At least 2 FCC Rule: [97.5(b)(2)] T1F12 HRLM (7-22) 2014 Technician License Course

What must an amateur operator do when making on-air transmissions to test equipment or antennas? A. Properly identify the transmitting station B. Make test transmissions only after 10:00 p.m. local time C. Notify the FCC of the test transmission D. State the purpose of the test during the test procedure T2A06 HRLM (8-6) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is true when making a test transmission into an antenna? A. Station identification is not required if the transmission is less than 15 seconds B. Station identification is not required if the transmission is less than 1 watt C. Station identification is only required once an hour when the transmissions are for test purposes only D. Station identification is required at least every ten minutes during the test and at the end of the test T2A07 HRLM (8-6) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following methods is encouraged by the FCC when identifying your station when using phone? A. Use of a phonetic alphabet B. Send your call sign in CW as well as voice C. Repeat your call sign three times D. Increase your signal to full power when identifying FCC Rule: [97.119(b)(2)] T2B09 HRLM (8-4) 2014 Technician License Course

Lesson Module 17 – Interference, Remote & Automatic Operation, Prohibited Transmissions

Interference QRN or “Static” Natural interference (thunderstorms) Man-made (appliances and power lines) QRM Interference caused by other signals Can be from transmitted signals Can be created internally by a receiver Review these “Q” signals. 2014 Technician License Course

Interference Harmful Interference that is disruptive, not necessarily willful. Deal with it as best you can, try to avoid causing harmful interference. Willful Intentionally causing interference. This becomes a legal and law enforcement issue. This is rare and there are procedures to deal with this (ARRL Official Observers can help). Give the students some techniques on how to identify the type of interference and how to deal with it. Most interference is unintentional. Everyone makes a mistake and, in fact, most hams cause unintentional interference at times. Willful interference is another matter. Stress that it is rare. Give the students some strategies on how to deal with this kind of interference. Document the interference and give the information to their local Official Observer. Also avoid giving the perpetrator an audience. In most cases the person doing the interfering will give up and go somewhere else if they do not get the response and attention they are looking for. In all cases, if the students receive an interference complaint, they need to take that complaint seriously and deal with it as best they can. 2014 Technician License Course

Preventing Interference
Use common sense and courtesy Know how to operate your equipment to reduce generated and received interference No one owns a frequency; be a good neighbor and share – have a “Plan B” Recognize special operations and special circumstances It is hard to teach common sense, but try to give the students some techniques to avoid interference problems and how they can mitigate interference should it occur (and it will). It is important to stress that getting into an on-the-air argument about interference is counterproductive and should be avoided. 2014 Technician License Course

Control Point Where the control operator function is performed – not necessarily at the physical transmitter Local control: operator is at the transmitter Remote control: control point is linked to the transmitter by a control link which could be telephone, radio, or Internet Automatic control: control functions are operated by circuitry that ensures proper operation The control point is where the function of controlling a transmitter is performed by the control operator. That can be at the transmitter (local) or linked to the transmitter via some kind of control link (remote). 2014 Technician License Course

Automatic Control Control operator is always required Responsible for proper operation Repeaters, auxiliary stations, space stations, and beacons may operate under automatic control Repeater users are responsible for their transmissions through a repeater If the control function is performed by a circuit or program (automatic) a control operator is still needed to take responsibility for proper operation. The control operator just doesn’t need to be present when the station is transmitting. Automatic control systems usually have safeguards to prevent improper operation. Mention the time-out timer on a repeater as an example. 2014 Technician License Course

Prohibited Transmissions
Unidentified transmissions Not giving your call sign False or deceptive signals Using someone else’s call sign False distress or emergency signals Fake calls for help Obscene or indecent speech Up to interpretation, avoid controversial subjects Music Most of these prohibited transmissions should be easy to identify. Obscene or indecent language is up to some interpretation. Give the students some examples of things to avoid discussing on the radio. Note that re-broadcasting programming from a commercial station is prohibited. Even incidental rebroadcasting is frowned on, so turn the car radio down when you’re operating a mobile station. 2014 Technician License Course

No Commercial Communications
Advertising ham radio gear is okay as long as it’s not your regular business. (Don’t advertise non-ham gear.) You may not use ham radio on behalf of your employer. Exception: teachers may use ham radio in their classrooms, clubs may employ an operator but only with restrictions on hours. This is also another area where it can get a little gray. Give some examples of acceptable and unacceptable business-related communications. It boils down to if the operator is going to profit in some way by the transmission, then they should not do it. If in doubt, don’t use ham radio for the transmission. In the scenario of professionals using ham radio during an emergency situation the usual factor to consider is whether there is an immediate threat to life or property and whether there is another more appropriate means of communication available. 2014 Technician License Course

No Encrypted Transmissions
Encryption means deliberately encoding information for transmission in order to hide or obscure the message. Encryption is only allowed for: Radio control Space station control Most students will not get involved in this situation. They should not try to hide or deceive anyone listening in on the transmission through the use of codes. The use of codes does not necessarily have to be technical in nature. 2014 Technician License Course

No Broadcasting Broadcasting is sending one-way transmissions to the general public: News Music Exceptions: Code practice Ham radio-related bulletins Retransmission of space station control communications 2014 Technician License Course

Special Circumstances
Emergencies and critical situations create special circumstances. Special events may qualify as special circumstances. Normal rules return when the situation returns to normal. Though ham communication is generally intended for hams, there are special circumstances where the rules are set aside to support the community at large during the emergency or critical situation. Give the students some specific examples that they might come across in their communities or regions. 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following meets the FCC definition of harmful interference? A. Radio transmissions that annoy users of a repeater B. Unwanted radio transmissions that cause costly harm to radio station apparatus C. That which seriously degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts a radio communication service operating in accordance with the Radio Regulations D. Static from lightning storms FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(23)] T1A04 HRLM (8-7) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following services are protected from interference by amateur signals under all circumstances? A. Citizens Radio Service B. Broadcast Service C. Land Mobile Radio Service D. Radionavigation Service FCC Rule: [97.101(d), (o)(2)] T1A06 HRLM (8-7) 2014 Technician License Course

When is willful interference to other amateur radio stations permitted? A. Only if the station interfered is expressing extreme religious or political views B. At no time C. Only during a contest D. At any time, amateurs are not protected from willful interference FCC Rule: [ (d)] T1A11 HRLM (8-8) 2014 Technician License Course

On which of the following occasions may an FCC-licensed amateur station exchange messages with a U.S. military station? A. During an Armed Forces Day Communications Test B. During a Memorial Day Celebration C. During an Independence Day celebration D. During a propagation test FCC Rule: [97.111(a)(5)] T1D02 HRLM (8-13) 2014 Technician License Course

When is the transmission of codes or ciphers that hide the meaning of a message allowed by an amateur station? A. Only during contests B. Only when operating mobile C. Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft D. Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used FCC Rule: [97.211(b), (b)] T1D03 HRLM (8-12) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the only time an amateur station is authorized to transmit music? A. When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communications B. When the music produces no spurious emissions C. When the purpose is to interfere with an illegal transmission D. When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHz FCC Rule: [97.113(a)(4), 97.11(a)3(ii)] T1D04 HRLM (8-13) 2014 Technician License Course

When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade? A. When the equipment is normally used in an amateur station and such activity is not conducted on a regular basis B. When the asking price is $ or less C. When the asking price is less than its appraised value D. When the equipment is not the personal property of either the station licensee or the control operator or their close relatives FCC Rule: [97.113(a)(3)(ii)] T1D05 HRLM (8-12) 2014 Technician License Course

What, if any, are the restrictions concerning transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene? A. The FCC maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies B. Any such language is prohibited C. The ITU maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies D. There is no such prohibition FCC Rule: [97.113(a)(4)] T1D06 HRLM (8-11) 2014 Technician License Course

What types of amateur stations can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur stations? A. Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stations B. Auxiliary, repeater, or space stations C. Beacon, repeater, or space stations D. Earth, repeater, or space stations FCC Rule: [97.113(d)] T1D07 HRLM (8-13) 2014 Technician License Course

In which of the following circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station receive compensation for operating the station? A. When engaging in communications on behalf of their employer B. When the communication is incidental to classroom instruction at an educational institution C. When re-broadcasting weather alerts during a RACES net D. When notifying other amateur operators of the availability for sale or trade of apparatus FCC Rule: [97.113(a)(3)(iii)] T1D08 HRLM (8-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Under which of the following circumstances are amateur stations authorized to transmit signals related to broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available? A. Only where such communications directly relate to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property B. Only when broadcasting communications to or from the space shuttle C. Only where noncommercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio network D. Only when using amateur repeaters linked to the Internet FCC Rule: [97.113(5)(b)] T1D09 HRLM (8-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the meaning of the term "broadcasting" in the FCC rules for the amateur services? A. Two-way transmissions by amateur stations B. Transmission of music C. Transmission of messages directed only to amateur operators D. Transmissions intended for reception by the general public FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(10)] T1D10 HRLM (8-13) 2014 Technician License Course

Under which of the following circumstances may an amateur radio operator broadcast? A. Under no circumstances B. When transmitting code practice, information bulletins, or transmissions necessary to provide emergency communications C. At any time as long as no music is broadcast D. At any time as long as the material being broadcast did not originate from a commercial broadcast station FCC Rule: [97.111(b)(4,5,6)] T1D12 HRLM (8-13) 2014 Technician License Course

Under what type of control do APRS network digipeaters operate?
A. Automatic B. Remote C. Local D. Manual FCC Rule: [97.109(d)] T1E06 HRLM (8-11) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an example of automatic control?
A. Repeater operation B. Controlling the station over the Internet C. Using a computer or other device to automatically send CW D. Using a computer or other device to automatically identify FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(6), (d)] T1E08 HRLM (8-11) 2014 Technician License Course

What type of control is being used when the control operator is at the control point? A. Radio control B. Unattended control C. Automatic control D. Local control FCC Rule: [97.109(b)] T1E09 HRLM (8-10) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97? A. Repeater operation B. Operating a station over the Internet C. Controlling a model aircraft, boat or car by amateur radio D. All of these choices are correct FCC Rule: [97.3(a)(39)] T1E10 HRLM (8-10) 2014 Technician License Course

Who is accountable should a repeater inadvertently retransmit communications that violate the FCC rules? A. The control operator of the originating station B. The control operator of the repeater C. The owner of the repeater D. Both the originating station and the repeater owner FCC Rule: [97.205(g)] T1F10 HRLM (8-11) 2014 Technician License Course

What could cause your FM signal to interfere with stations on nearby frequencies? A. Microphone gain too high, causing over-deviation B. SWR too high C. Incorrect CTCSS Tone D. All of these choices are correct T2B07 HRLM (2-9) 2014 Technician License Course

What action should station operators take if they discover that they are both using the same frequency, causing interference? A. Common courtesy should prevail, but no one has absolute right to an amateur frequency B. Whoever has the strongest signal has priority on the frequency C. Whoever has been on the frequency the longest has priority on the frequency D. The station which has the weakest signal has priority on the frequency T2B08 HRLM (8-7) 2014 Technician License Course

Lesson Module 18 – Safety and Amateur Radio

Electrical Injuries Shocks and burns. Low voltages can cause enough current to create problems. Equipment today uses lower voltage than tube equipment but it can still cause burns. Even low voltages are sometimes enough to cause hazardous current. Never assume voltage is harmless! Even though most modern equipment runs off of 12 volts, there are still dangerous voltages to be wary of, particularly in power supplies that convert 120 volts AC to 12 volt DC. Be cautious and vigilant around electricity. Remind students that current through the heart is the most dangerous: hand to hand, hand to foot And electricity moves a LOT faster than a person! 2014 Technician License Course

Electrical Safety Avoiding contact is the most effective way of practicing electrical safety Unplug equipment before working on it Keep one hand in your pocket Make sure equipment is grounded Use power from GFCI-protected circuits Don’t provide a path for current through you. Don’t work on live equipment unless required to do so for adjustment or testing. Even then, don’t work alone! 2014 Technician License Course

Mitigating Electrical Hazards
If working on live equipment is required: Remove jewelry Avoid unintentional touching of circuitry Never bypass safety interlocks Discharge high-voltage points and components to ground Capacitors can store charge after power is off Storage batteries are dangerous when shorted Explain what an interlock is. Show the students a grounding stick if one is available or a photo of one. Explain how to use it and when it is necessary. Spend some time talking about battery safety. The energy capacities of today’s batteries makes even more important to avoid short-circuiting batteries. 2014 Technician License Course

Responding to Electrical Injury
REMOVE POWER! Have ON/OFF switches and circuit breakers clearly marked. Install an emergency master power switch and make sure your family knows how to use it. Call for help. Learn CPR and first aid. Online safety websites have instructions for what to do in case of electrical injury. Remind students of the ARRL’s “Switch to Safety” program. 2014 Technician License Course

Electrical Grounding and Circuit Protection
Make sure your station wiring meets code Most ham equipment does not require special wiring or circuits Use 3-wire power cords Use circuit breakers, circuit breaker outlets, or Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) circuit breakers or outlets Use proper fuse or circuit breaker size Don’t overload single outlets or circuits Show the students a properly wired 3-prong plug and ac socket using proper color-coded wiring. 2014 Technician License Course

Grounding & Bonding at RF
RF burns from “hot spots” at high RF voltage Do not cause serious injury at ham power level Prevent by bonding (connecting) equipment together with heavy wire or strap – braided strap not recommended at RF Prevent by keeping people away from antennas and radial or counterpoise wires Ground equipment for AC safety Explain that connecting equipment to ground does little at RF since a ground path is often electrically long and acts more like an antenna. Discuss how bonding keeps all of the equipment at the same RF voltage so that hot spots do not form and RF current does not flow between pieces of equipment. 2014 Technician License Course

Lightning Protection Ground antennas and towers to local code Use 8-ft ground rod for each tower leg Bond rods to tower leg and the other rods Ground connections should be as short as possible Use lightning arrestors on a single ground plate where cables enter the house Unplug and disconnect equipment (including telephones and computers) and feed lines if lightning is expected Following local codes is important and may be required for insurance coverage. Keep ground connections short and direct. Use a common ground connection as much as possible for lightning. Mention the ARRL’s equipment insurance program as a benefit for members. 2014 Technician License Course

RF Exposure Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is not the same as radioactivity – much lower energy RF energy heats body tissues Heating depends on the RF intensity and frequency. If precautions are taken, RF exposure is minimal and not dangerous. Point out to the students that RF exposure only causes very mild heating of body tissues (much like happens in a microwave oven but to a FAR lower extent). With simple precautions, the potential of harm is very low. Repeat the simple rule of not standing near or touching an antenna when the transmitter is on. 2014 Technician License Course

RF Intensity Power Density Watts per square centimeter (w/cm2) Higher power density means higher RF exposure RF absorption varies with frequency because of body part size Safe exposure levels have been established by the FCC Here you will break down and discuss the two components of RF exposure, field intensity and frequency. Try to keep the discussion focused on the big picture, it is easy to get into details, charts and graphs, and vocabulary of units that can be very intimidating. Cover in general terms what influences RF exposure and how to limit the exposure. It makes sense that the more power you transmit, the more potential there is for harmful RF exposure. Assure the students that if they operate commercial, off-the-shelf equipment (which they probably will early in their ham radio careers) that the power levels are such that there will be little exposure danger. Beam antennas focus the RF energy in desired directions, therefore being close to the antenna in the favored direction of the beam will increase the hazard. 2014 Technician License Course

Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)
Show how MPE varies with frequency. The points at which the graph is the lowest are the points at which the body absorbs RF the most. These are the frequency ranges at which the body and limbs are close to ½ or ¼ wavelength and begin acting like antennas. 2014 Technician License Course

RF Environment Controlled Environment. You know where people are standing in relation to your antenna and you can do something about it. Higher power density is allowed because you can make adjustments if needed. Uncontrolled Environment. You have no control of people near your antenna. Lower power density is allowed because you cannot control or adjust the exposure of people. If you have control of the environment around the antenna, you are allowed to use more power because you can take steps to limit exposure if required. Discuss several examples of controlled and uncontrolled environments. (See the ARRL Technology web page on RF Exposure or the ARRL’s RF Exposure and You. 2014 Technician License Course

Duty Cycle and Duty Factor
Duty cycle is the percentage of time that a transmitter is on during the evaluation period, from 0 to 100% Duty cycle = 100 x (time on / total time) Duty factor is the same as duty cycle, but given as a number from 0 to 1.0 Higher duty cycle or factor means higher average power density and exposure Note the relationship between the transmitter on/off duty cycle and that of the mode itself. Give some simple examples of duty cycle and illustrate with a simulated contact. 2014 Technician License Course

Mode Duty Cycle Accounts for the different characteristics of the transmitted signal’s waveform Note here, that FM, the mode most used by new hams, has a 100% duty cycle when the transmitter is on. 2014 Technician License Course

RF Exposure Evaluation
All fixed stations must perform an exposure evaluation. Use online calculator (easiest) Model exposure with software (difficult) Measure RF power density (most difficult) At lower power levels, no evaluation is required. Varies with frequency – example: below 50 W at VHF. Re-evaluate exposure when station equipment or operating frequencies change. Stress that the online calculators are very easy to use and it’s actually quite rare for a ham to have to change the station or antenna configuration to comply with RF exposure rules. 2014 Technician License Course

Reducing RF Exposure Relocate or reorient antennas Raise the antenna Reduce antenna gain Reduce RF power output Change to a lower duty cycle mode 2014 Technician License Course

Mobile Safety Mobile Installations Secure all equipment Place equipment where you can operate it safely while driving Know local rules for use of communications equipment while driving May need hands-free microphone Make sure that equipment in cars is securely fastened so that it will not move around and create a hazard in an accident. Locate the controls of the equipment so that it does not present a hazard and distraction while driving. Some states now require hands-free microphones. Regardless, drive safely and don’t use the radio when your attention is needed on the road. 2014 Technician License Course

Power Line Safety Keep antennas well away from power lines Check for power lines before installing antennas in trees Provide a minimum of 10 feet of clearance if antenna falls Never attach antennas or guy lines to utility poles or structures Antennas generally need to be clear of obstacles and as high as practical. However, some common sense needs to be exercised to prevent antennas from becoming a safety hazard. Particular attention needs to be given to power lines and structure attachment points. Raising or lowering an antenna can be particularly risky if power lines are nearby. If the antenna and/or mast or tower falls, be sure that it can not fall into power lines. People are electrocuted every year in this way. 2014 Technician License Course

Tower Work Basic tower safety Proper clothing, hard hat and eye protection Use a proper climbing harness, not a lineman’s belt or rock-climbing gear Don’t climb a crank-up tower supported only by its lift cable – block and secure it first Use a gin pole to lift heavy items Don’t work alone – use a ground crew Finally go over some precautions and safety considerations that must be taken if the students will be doing or assisting with tower work for a friend or club. Most students will not be installing towers early in their ham careers, but they should be aware that special precautions should be taken and where they can review that information in the future. Suggest that they help out an experienced ham to learn how to do the work. 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is a safety hazard of a 12 voltage storage battery? A. Touching both terminals with the hands can cause electrical shock B. Shorting the terminals can cause burns, fire, or an explosion C. RF emissions from the battery D. All of these choices are correct T0A01 HRLM (9-3) 2014 Technician License Course

How does current flowing through the body cause a health hazard?
A. By heating tissue B. It disrupts the electrical functions of cells C. It causes involuntary muscle contractions D. All of these choices are correct T0A02 HRLM (9-2) 2014 Technician License Course

What is connected to the green wire in a three-wire electrical AC plug? A. Neutral B. Hot C. Safety ground D. The white wire T0A03 HRLM (9-4) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at your station?
Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC powered equipment Connect all AC powered station equipment to a common safety ground Use a circuit protected by a ground-fault interrupter D. All of these choices are correct T0A06 HRLM (9-3) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of these precautions should be taken when installing devices for lightning protection in a coaxial cable feed line? A. Include a parallel bypass switch for each protector so that it can be switched out of the circuit when running high power B. Include a series switch in the ground line of each protector to prevent RF overload from inadvertently damaging the protector C. Keep the ground wires from each protector separate and connected to station ground D. Ground all of the protectors to a common plate which is in turn connected to an external ground T0A07 HRLM (9-5) 2014 Technician License Course

What safety equipment should always be included in home-built equipment that is powered from 120V AC power circuits? A. A fuse or circuit breaker in series with the AC "hot" conductor B. An AC voltmeter across the incoming power source C. An inductor in series with the AC power source D. A capacitor across the AC power source T0A08 HRLM (9-4) 2014 Technician License Course

What kind of hazard might exist in a power supply when it is turned off and disconnected? A. Static electricity could damage the grounding system B. Circulating currents inside the transformer might cause damage C. The fuse might blow if you remove the cover D. You might receive an electric shock from the charged stored in large capacitors T0A11 HRLM (9-3) 2014 Technician License Course

When should members of a tower work team wear a hard hat and safety glasses? A. At all times except when climbing the tower B. At all times except when belted firmly to the tower C. At all times when any work is being done on the tower D. Only when the tower exceeds 30 feet in height T0B01 HRLM (9-13) 2014 Technician License Course

What is a good precaution to observe before climbing an antenna tower?
A. Make sure that you wear a grounded wrist strap B. Remove all tower grounding connections C. Put on a climbing harness and safety glasses D. All of the these choices are correct T0B02 HRLM (9-13) 2014 Technician License Course

Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without a helper or observer? A. When no electrical work is being performed B. When no mechanical work is being performed C. When the work being done is not more than 20 feet above the ground D. Never T0B03 HRLM (9-14) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an important safety precaution to observe when putting up an antenna tower? A. Wear a ground strap connected to your wrist at all times B. Insulate the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikes C. Look for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wires D. All of these choices are correct T0B04 HRLM (9-12) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the purpose of a gin pole?
A. To temporarily replace guy wires B. To be used in place of a safety harness C. To lift tower sections or antennas D. To provide a temporary ground T0B05 HRLM (9-14) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to allow when installing an antenna? A. Half the width of your property B. The height of the power line above ground C. 1/2 wavelength at the operating frequency D. So that if the antenna falls unexpectedly, no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wires T0B06 HRLM (9-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an important safety rule to remember when using a crank-up tower? A. This type of tower must never be painted B. This type of tower must never be grounded C. This type of tower must never be climbed unless it is in the fully retracted position D. All of these choices are correct T0B07 HRLM (9-14) 2014 Technician License Course

What is considered to be a proper grounding method for a tower?
A. A single four-foot ground rod, driven into the ground no more than 12 inches from the base B. A ferrite-core RF choke connected between the tower and ground C. Separate eight-foot long ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each other D. A connection between the tower base and a cold water pipe T0B08 HRLM (9-13) 2014 Technician License Course

Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a utility pole?
A. The antenna will not work properly because of induced voltages B. The utility company will charge you an extra monthly fee C. The antenna could contact high-voltage power wires D. All of these choices are correct T0B09 HRLM (9-12) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is true concerning grounding conductors used for lightning protection? A. Only non-insulated wire must be used B. Wires must be carefully routed with precise right-angle bends C. Sharp bends must be avoided D. Common grounds must be avoided T0B10 HRLM (9-4) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following establishes grounding requirements for an amateur radio tower or antenna? A. FCC Part 97 Rules B. Local electrical codes C. FAA tower lighting regulations D. Underwriters Laboratories' recommended practices T0B11 HRLM (9-4) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is good practice when installing ground wires on a tower for lightning protection? A. Put a loop in the ground connection to prevent water damage to the ground system B. Make sure that all bends in the ground wires are clean, right angle bends C. Ensure that connections are short and direct D. All of these choices are correct T0B12 HRLM (9-4) 2014 Technician License Course

What type of radiation are VHF and UHF radio signals?
A. Gamma radiation B. Ionizing radiation C. Alpha radiation D. Non-ionizing radiation T0C01 HRLM (9-5) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following frequencies has the lowest Maximum Permissible Exposure limit? A. 3.5 MHz B. 50 MHz C. 440 MHz D MHz T0C02 HRLM (9-7) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the maximum power level that an amateur radio station may use at VHF frequencies before an RF exposure evaluation is required? A watts PEP transmitter output B. 1 watt forward power C. 50 watts PEP at the antenna D. 50 watts PEP reflected power T0C03 HRLM (9-9) 2014 Technician License Course

What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an amateur station antenna? A. Frequency and power level of the RF field B. Distance from the antenna to a person C. Radiation pattern of the antenna D. All of these choices are correct T0C04 HRLM (9-9) 2014 Technician License Course

Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?
A. Lower frequency RF fields have more energy than higher frequency fields B. Lower frequency RF fields do not penetrate the human body C. Higher frequency RF fields are transient in nature D. The human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than at others T0C05 HRLM (9-6) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following is an acceptable method to determine that your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations? A. By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65 B. By calculation based on computer modeling C. By measurement of field strength using calibrated equipment D. All of these choices are correct T0C06 HRLM (9-9) 2014 Technician License Course

What could happen if a person accidentally touched your antenna while you were transmitting? A. Touching the antenna could cause television interference B. They might receive a painful RF burn C. They might develop radiation poisoning D. All of these choices are correct T0C07 HRLM (9-6) 2014 Technician License Course

Which of the following actions might amateur operators take to prevent exposure to RF radiation in excess of FCC-supplied limits? A. Relocate antennas B. Relocate the transmitter C. Increase the duty cycle D. All of these choices are correct T0C08 HRLM (9-10) 2014 Technician License Course

How can you make sure your station stays in compliance with RF safety regulations? A. By informing the FCC of any changes made in your station B. By re-evaluating the station whenever an item of equipment is changed C. By making sure your antennas have low SWR D. All of these choices are correct T0C09 HRLM (9-9) 2014 Technician License Course

Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe RF radiation exposure levels? A. It affects the average exposure of people to radiation B. It affects the peak exposure of people to radiation C. It takes into account the antenna feed line loss D. It takes into account the thermal effects of the final amplifier T0C10 HRLM (9-7) 2014 Technician License Course

What is the definition of duty cycle during the averaging time for RF exposure? A. The difference between the lowest power output and the highest power output of a transmitter B. The difference between the PEP and average power output of a transmitter C. The percentage of time that a transmitter is transmitting D. The percentage of time that a transmitter is not transmitting T0C11 HRLM (9-7) 2014 Technician License Course

How does RF radiation differ from ionizing radiation (radioactivity)?
A. RF radiation does not have sufficient energy to cause genetic damage B. RF radiation can only be detected with an RF dosimeter C. RF radiation is limited in range to a few feet D. RF radiation is perfectly safe T0C12 HRLM (9-5) 2014 Technician License Course

If the averaging time for exposure is 6 minutes, how much power density is permitted if the signal is present for 3 minutes and absent for 3 minutes rather than being present for the entire 6 minutes? A. 3 times as much B. 1/2 as much C. 2 times as much D. There is no adjustment allowed for shorter exposure times T0C13 HRLM (9-7) 2014 Technician License Course

Technician License Course Chapter 6

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