1. Responses to the biotic environment
Animal Interactions
Responses to the biotic environment

2. INTERSPECIFIC
AGGRESSIVE
Competition
Predator-prey
Parasite-host
CO-OPERATIVE
Mutualism
Commensalism
Antibiosis

3. Competition
Individuals of different species vie for the same resource in an ecosystem (e.g. food or living space).
Gause’s principle – no two species with exactly identical niches can co-exist for long in the same place
competitive exclusion (one species outcompetes the other) OR
adaptive radiation (one species adapts to a different niche)

4. Predator-prey relationships
Evolution  physiological & behavioural adaptations
Predator becomes a more successful predator
Prey becomes better at escaping predation
Birds of prey have developed extremely good eyesight to spot prey from a distance
PREDATORS 1 – PREY 0

5. Foxes are fast and quick-witted
PREDATORS 2 – PREY 0

6. Lynx vs rabbit
PREDATORS 3 – PREY 0

7. Lions hunt co-operatively
PREDATORS 4 – PREY 0

8. Speed is very advantageous for prey animals........
PREDATORS 3 – PREY 100

9. Methods of getting food
Let the prey come to you
Traps
Webs
Bait
Ambush
Sieves

10. Methods of getting food
Move after the prey
speed
teamwork
swarms
tools
appendages

12. Parasite-host relationships
Mosquito Ectoparasite

13. Endoparasite

14. Parasitoid wasp lays eggs on caterpillar
Parasitoid – only parasitic for part of life cycle

15. INTERSPECIFIC
AGGRESSIVE
Competition
Predator-prey
Parasite-host
CO-OPERATIVE
Mutualism
Commensalism
Antibiosis

16. Mutualism
Bees pollinate flowers

17. Mutualism
Tickbirds eat ticks

18. Commensalism
Remoras attach themselves to sharks and hitch a ride, also eat leftovers

19. Antibiosis Large trees shading out smaller undergrowth
Animals trampling down the homes of smaller animals
Human sewage disposal

20. “Go outside to do your business”