1. Effect of cocaine (COC) withdrawal on learning.
Effect of cocaine (COC) withdrawal on learning. Relative proportion of bees responding correctly in a proboscis extension response (PER) learning assay 20 h after three trials of training. Prior to training, bees were orally treated for 6 days with mmol l–1 octopamine (OA) or 0.66 mmol l–1 cocaine (COC) in ad libitum 1.5 mol l–1 sucrose solution, or plain 1.5 mol l–1 sucrose. (A) Chronic treatment: bees continued to receive treatment during the 20 h interval between training and testing. (B) Withdrawal: treatment withheld during the 20 h interval between training and testing. In each panel the proportion of bees responding correctly is normalized with respect to the untreated control group. Sample size is shown in bars. Groups that did not differ at the 5% confidence interval share the same letter above the bar (pair-wise Fisher's exact tests with Bonferroni correction).
Andrew B. Barron et al. J Exp Biol 2009;212:
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