1. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: New Directions
Armand Keating 
Cell Stem Cell 
Volume 10, Issue 6, Pages (June 2012)
DOI: /j.stem
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 Proposed Immunomodulatory Mechanisms of Cultured MSCs
MSC-mediated immune interactions shown here include a proposed polarization of MSCs into MSC1 and MSC2 cells as a result of activation of Toll-like receptors (based on work by Waterman et al., 2010). Activation of MSC-resident TLR4 leads to a MSC1 or M1 type cell with a proinflammatory response, whereas activation of TLR3 gives rise to a M2 type MSC with an anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressive response. Overall outcome will depend on the balance between the cytokines/chemokines released into the microenvironment.
Cell Stem Cell  , DOI: ( /j.stem )
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions