1. The development towards multinational transport company groups above and beyond the nation states
– how does the law respond to that?

2. Complex and diffuse ownership and management structures in shipping
Starting points
Complex and diffuse ownership and management structures in shipping
No need for strategies in a free market

3. Compulsory insurance certificates
Contact strategies
Arrest
Cabotage
Compulsory insurance certificates

4. Definitional strategies
Reder, armateur or owners pro hac vice
Owner at the time of the incident
Registered owner
“the owner, including the registered owner, bareboat charterer, manager and operator of the ship”
“effective management of the enterprise is situated.”
Vessels registered in two states
Real owner

5. Organizational strategies
Designated person in charge of ship’s safety
Reder
Designated safety management organization
Duty to make the ship seaworthy as a non delegable duty

6. Clarification strategies
Norwegian law
Rt Lys Line
Rt Reksten
Rt Fekete
Undisclosed principal
Contracting carrier remain liable

7. Hostage strategies
Providers of financial security
Officers and crew

8. Enforcement strategies
Jurisdiction not dependent on business organization
Arbitration awards
Limitation actions
Public law

9. Non-encouragement strategies Unification strategies
Other strategies
Non-encouragement strategies
Unification strategies

10. Strategy shortcomings
Finding the right entity to sue
Finding which companies that coordinate their actions
Finding where the company has got funds