1. A New World Of Many Cultures
By Jeshrine Mazhil

2. The Beginning
First people to settle in North America came about 40,000 years ago.
Came through Land Bridge
Bering Strait: Connected Siberia and Alaska
Native Pop: million people

3. Cultures of Central and South America
Mayans – Guatemala, Belize, & Southern Mexico
Yucatan Peninsula
Aztecs- Central Mexico
Capital: Tenochtitlan
Pop: 200,000
Incans- Peru

4. What Do They Have in Common?
Highly Organized Society
Extensive trade
Scientific discoveries: calendar
Stable Food Supply
Corn and potatoes
Increased population

5. Cultures of North America
Smaller and less sophisticated
Because corn spread slowly to this area
Gender Roles
Men: make tools and hunt
Women: gather plants & nuts and grow crops

6. Cultures Language- More than 20 lang fams
More than 400 distinct languages

7. Settlements Southwest: Pueblos, Anazaki and Hokkokam
Farmed w/ irrigation systems
Live in caves, cliffs, & multistoried buildings
Northwest: Alaska to North California
Live in permanent longhouses and planks
Rich diet: hunt, fish, gather food
Totem pole = history
Isolation = development

8. Settlements Great Plains: Nomadic Hunters Who farmed and traded
Survived on hunting
Lived in tepees
Who farmed and traded
Hunted buffalo
Lived in Earthen lodges long rivers
Would merge or split based on conditions

9. Settlements Midwest: East of Mississippi River
Hunted, fished and farmed
Large earthen mounds = Adena-hopewell
Northeast: New York (Iroquois Confederation
Descendants of Adena-Hopewell
Hunting and farming= exhausted soil
Move around
Lived in longhouses

10. Settlements Atlantic Seaboard: New Jersey to Florida
Descendants of Woodland Mound builders
Built timber and bark lodging along rivers
Rivers and Atlantic ocean = rich food source

11. Europeans Moves Toward Exploration
First Encounter with New World
Scandinavian Vikings
No lasting impact

12. Improvements of Tech Renaissance = outburst of artistic & science
Tech advanced
Gunpowder usage
Sailing compass
Major improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking
Printing Press = v.imp
Spread ideas and knowledge quicker.

13. Religious Conflict Intense religious zeal and conflict
Roman Catholic Church threatened by
Ottoman Turks (Islam)
Revolt against pope’s authority

14. Catholic Victory in Spain
Spain at first conquered by Moors (Islamic Invaders
Spanish Christians conquered Spain and set up several Independent Kingdoms
Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand united all the kingdoms

15. Protestant Revolt in Northern Europe
Revolts against Pope’s authority
Led to Protestant Reformation
Created series of religious wars
Conflicts caused the religions to spread to as many places as possible
Catholic
Spain and Portugal
Protestant
England and Holland

16. Expanding Trade Overland route =
Long
Slow
Expensive
Land route blocked by the Ottoman Turks
Led to desire of finding a better route

17. New Routes Was used by Portuguese Sailing = new way to Asian Trade
2 Options
South Along the West African Coast
Across Atlantic Ocean
Prince Henry sponsored these exploration done by Portugal
Vasco Da Gama was the first to reach India by this route (Cape of Good Hope)

18. Slave Trading Portuguese traded for slaves in West Africa
Worked on sugar plantations on islands off the African coast
Profitable

19. African Resistance Ran Away Sabotaged Work Revolted
Maintained aspects of Culture
Music
Religion
Folkways

20. Developing Nation-States
Small Kingdoms uniting to form larger kingdoms
The Monarchs depended on trade for revenue and church for right to rule
Search for riches abroad
Spread influence of their christianity

21. Early Explorations
Changing political, economic, and social conditions in Europe
Shaped ambitions of people

22. Christopher Columbus Claimed land for Spain Viewed as a Failure
Landed on Bahamas 1rst glory to Spain
No gold = disappointment
Viewed as a Failure
Brought the permanent interaction b/w people from all over the globe.
Changed the World Forever

23. Columbian Exchange Europe Africa New World Transferred Plants Animal
Europeans learned about beans, corns, sweet potatoes, tomatoes , tobacco
Europe
Africa
New World
Transferred
Plants
Animal
Germs
Tech
Learned about sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, wheel, iron implements, guns, and Disease (major killer)

24. Dividing the Americas Spain & Portugal = conflict of who gets what
Resolved by pope with Line of Demarcation
Spain = West of line
Portugal = East of line
Treaty of Tordesillas
Moved line few degrees west
1494

25. Spanish Conquest Conquistadores = Spain’s conquerors
Balboa = Isthmus of Panama -> Pacific Ocean
Magellan = circumnavigate globe
Cortes = conquered Aztecs
Pizzaro = conquered Incans
Shiploads of gold and silver
Became rich and powerful

26. Systems of Spanish Empire
Encomienda System
Give land and natives to individual Spaniards
Natives farmed or worked in mines
Spaniard take “care” of them
Asiento System
Native pop decreased
More enslaved people from West Africa
Payed taxes to king for each slave imported

27. The Claims English French Dutch Cabot = Coat of Newfoundland
Other issues preoccupied Monarchy
Drake = attacked Spanish ships
Raleigh = attempts settlement at Roanoke Island (1587)
Verrazano = explored New York harbor (N. America’s Eastern coast.
Cartier = St. Lawrence Valley
Monarchy occupied with religious conflict
Champlain = 1rst perm settlement in Quebec 1608
Jolliet and Marquette = upper Mississippi River
Salle = Louisiana
Henry Hudson = Hudson river = established claims for New Amsterdam ( New York)
Looked for Westward pat the Asia through Northern America

28. Spanish Settlements Florida = St. Augustine (1565)
Oldest city in North America by Europeans
New Mexico = Santa Fe
Christianize American Indians
Caused Pueblo Revolt
Spanish were driven from the area until 1692

29. Spanish Settlements Texas
Resist French efforts in Mississippi River
California = San Diego (1769) and San Francisco (1776)
Response to Russian Exploration from Alaska

30. Spanish Policy Towards Natives
Incorporate as Laborers = die from force labor
Intermarried with natives and Africans
Class system= rigid = dom by pure-blooded Spaniards
Bartolome de Las Casas
Advocate for better treatment of Indians
New Laws 1542= end encomienda system
Late got repealed

31. Valladolid Debate Las Casas vs. de Sepulveda
Indians are humans (La Casas)
Indians are less than humans (de Sepulveda)

32. English Policy Towards Natives
Low intermarriage
Coexisted at first
Conflict because of
English viewed Natives as savage
Indians felt threatened by the English taking more land
Expelled Natives

33. French Policy Towards Natives
Natives economic and military allies
Control Fur Trade = built port
Exchanged beaver pelts for French goods
Assisted Huron people to fight the Iroquois

34. Native American Reactions
No unification because saw themselves as distinct from each other
Allied with one European power or gaining support to survive
Migrated to new land
No Return to Life Before 1492

35. Thank You