1. understanding The Reading Process Stacy Erwin, M. Ed
understanding The Reading Process Stacy Erwin, M.Ed., LDT, CALT Licensed Dyslexia Therapist

2. Simple view of reading
(Gough and Tunmer, 1986) Decoding (D) x Language Comprehension (LC) = Reading Comprehension (RC) D x LC = RC

3. THE READING PROCESS READING COMPREHENSION FLUENCY PHONICS (WORD STUDY)
ORAL LANGUAGE & VOCABULARY
READING COMPREHENSION
FLUENCY
PHONICS (WORD STUDY)
PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS
ALPHABET

4. What Research Tells Us About Oral Language
Between 18 months and 6 years of age, children experience rapid growth in vocabulary acquiring as much as nine words a day (Carey, 1978)
50% of preschoolers and kindergarteners with language impairments are likely to have reading difficulties in reading in primary and secondary grades
Proficiency in oral language provides children with a vital tool for thought. Without fluent and structured oral language, children will find it very difficult to think. Jerome Bruner (1983)

6. How many words should teachers teach per day?
In 1st and 2nd grade, children need to learn 800+ words per year, about 2 per day.
Children need to learn 2,000 to 3,000 new words each year from 3rd grade onward, about 6-8 per day.
Research has shown that most typically developing children need to encounter a word 12 times before they know it.
(Biemiller, Nagy, and Anderson)

7. A Quick note on Alphabet intervention
Remember, this is a small piece of the puzzle for older students …

8. Students should be able to …
write and speak alphabet in accurate order
recognize upper and lower case letters
write upper and lower case letters
write the alphabet with fluency (under 1:00 minute)
automatically recall letters out of order (missing letter deck)
alphabetize fluently
use the dictionary quickly and effectively

9. Pre and post assessments
Time student as he/she writes the alphabet in lower case.
Time student as he/she says the alphabet – no singing.
Check to see if student can identify both capital and lower case letters.
Check to see if students know the sounds of letters and letter combinations.

10. Alphabet interventions
Alphabet strips and arcs
Alphabet letter tiles
Alphabet games with the letter tiles
Missing letter deck and worksheets
Alphabetizing worksheets
*** Instruction needs to be sequential in skill, deliberate and repetitive. ***

11. A quick note on Phonological awareness intervention
Remember, this is a small piece of the puzzle for older students …
A quick note on Phonological awareness intervention

12. What is phonological awareness?
Phonological awareness is a child’s ability to identify and manipulate units of oral language – phonemes in words, syllables, and rimes.
Phonological awareness is an important predictor of later reading ability. (

13. Students should be able to …
Identify initial, medial and final sounds in a word
Blend phonemes into words
Segment words into phonemes
Substitute, add, and delete phonemes in words
Produce rhymes

14. Pre and post assessments
Use an assessment where YOU are listening to the child.
Phonological Awareness Skills Test (PAST)
TPRI
Literary Resources, Inc. screener
Saxon Phonics
*** Lots of resources are available online.***

15. interventions Lots and lots of word play games!
FCCR – Florida Center for Reading Readiness
Sounds Abound