1. West Valley High School General Chemistry Mr. Mata
Biochemistry Chapter 23
West Valley High School
General Chemistry
Mr. Mata

2. Standard 10a
Students know that large molecules, polymers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and starch are formed by repeating subunits called monomers.

3. Essential Question:
What are the characteristics of carbohydrates and lipids?

4. Biochemistry
Biochemistry - study of chemistry that takes place in the living cell.
Several important classes of compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Vitamins and hormones

5. Carbohydrates Disaccharide + H2O 2 monosaccharides
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
general formula: Cx(H2O)y
Simple carbohydrates called monosaccharides.
Ex: glucose C6H12O6
Disaccharides can be changed to 2 monosaccharides:
Disaccharide + H2O monosaccharides
Polysaccharides changed to many monosaccharides:
Polysaccharide + nH2O n monosaccharides

6. Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups.
Names of carbohydrates end in “ose”.
Ex: glucose, galactose, fructose.

7. Common Monosaccharides
D-glucose
“dextrose”
Blood sugar
D-galactose
Part of Lactose
Milk sugar
D-fructose
“Levulose”
Fruit sugar

8. Disaccharides Hydrolysis Products: Maltose + H2O glucose + galactose
Lactose + H2O glucose + galactose
Sucrose + H2O glucose + fructose

9. Disaccharides Maltose From sprouting grain or “malt” Lactose
Milk sugar
Sucrose
“table sugar”
From sugar cane or sugar beets
Beta acetal
fructose
glucose
galactose
Alpha acetal
glucose
Alpha acetal

10. Polysaccharides Starch – made of many glucose units.
Digestible by humans.
Source of energy in diet.
Ex: potato, pasta
Cellulose – made of many glucose units.
Not digestible by humans.
Source of fiber in diet.
ex: lettuce, celery

11. Metabolism
When carbohydrates are metabolized, they are broken into glucose molecules.
glucose molecules combine with oxygen to yield CO2, H2O, and energy:
C6H12O6 + 6O CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
supply about 4 kcal of energy per gram.

12. Lipids Lipids - soluble in organic solvents and insoluble in water.
Simple lipids contain glycerol and fatty acids.
Include fats, oils, waxes.

13. Fats and Oils Fats are solids derived from animals.
contain mostly saturated fatty acids.
Oils are liquids derived from plants.
contain mostly unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids contain no C=C double bonds.
Monounsaturated fatty acids contain one C=C double bond.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain more than one C=C double bond.

14. Insert figure 20.9