1. Peer Group Socialization

2. Historical/Cross Cultural Adolescence
In most tribal societies there was a specific 'rite of passage' to indicate that a child (especially boys) had reached maturity and was ready to take on the challenges and responsibilities of adulthood

3. . In the case of girls menarche was a clear indication of having grown up.
But, in modern societies because of improved nutrition, girls reach puberty at a much earlier chronological age.

4. Peer group
The youth peer group is a container of identity, a barrier against anomie…
Peer youth groups establishes support and friendship through difficult times…

5. Youth Subculture Transitional period from childhood to adulthood
-hormones, puberty,
`get to know oneself,
negotiating adults and friends,
legal age of consent,
sexual courtship, adult maturity.

6. Youth culture Youth culture becomes extended in twentieth century,
Youth culture becomes extended in twentieth century,
Eisenstadt (1956) believed this was necessary for youth to integrate into an increasingly complex world.
It is a period of identity and role confusion to Erikson.

7. Youth in Post-Modernity The Cohort Effect
-Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y and now Gen Z (internet or gen c)
Cohort differences in a radically changing culture make commonalities difficult.
Each generation has its own identity…
Youth culture, youth stage is not fixed but a fluid entity.

8. Cohort Effects Contrasting circumstances and social influences,
Generations Baby Boom, Generation X,. Generation Y…
Contrasting circumstances and social influences,
Results in similar sense of identity but one radically different from earlier cohorts.

9. Age cohorts,
Foot's analysis tracks these trends according to age cohorts, which are groups of people born within the same period of time, whose destinies are shaped by common events and situations

10. DAVID FOOT
BOOM, BUST AND ECHO-is a seminal text comparing cohort differences and youth subculture.
First published in 1996, tracks three distinct generations of youth.

11. 1947 to 1966 Baby Boom
'baby boom' generation (born from 1947 to 1966), which represents fully one-third of the Canadian population

12. Generation x
Children born since 1981 are doing more communicating than ever before - albeit through different channels than their predecessors.
They’re also used to being in control of their media intake

13. Generation Y.
Like the "Internet Generation", this term has been used in reference to both Generation Y and Generation Z.
Some time after 2000,] with the name "New Silent Generation" proposed for the generation that follows

14. Generation We
As technology moves faster, so does the culture. As a result, new "generations" are created more frequently.
The latest to be formed in the wake of Gen Y is Generation We, according to CNET.

15. Erikson's stage 5
Where the crisis of Identity vs. Role Confusion is postulated as occurring has therefore gained increasing validity in today's complex world.

16. Issues
During adolescence that individuals '...attempt: to develop identity and ideas
Strengths,
weaknesses,
goals,
occupations,
sexual identity,
gender roles.

17. Identity
Identity means essentially how a person sees themselves in relation to their world.
It's a sense of self or individuality in the context of life and what lies ahead.

18. Role Confusion
- An absence of identity - meaning that the person cannot see clearly or at all who they are and how they can relate positively with their environment.

19. Identity vs Role Confusion
This stage coincides with puberty or adolescence, and the reawakening of the sexual urge whose dormancy typically characterizes the previous stage.

20. Families with adolescents
Recent research has shown that 'less than 10% of families with adolescents experience serious relationship difficulties ... and that only % of adolescents experience serious developmental difficulties

21. Identity and Meaningful Values
During early and mid adolescence, more advanced reasoning strategies take shape
Thinking about possibilities
Thinking ahead
Thinking through hypotheses
Thinking about thought

22. Kohlberg on Moral Reasoning
Five Stage theory:
Stage One-child considers his/her interest to avoid trouble
Stage Two-child manipulates others to self interest
Stage Three-growing child upholds family or group values

23. Moral Reasoning Stage Four-focus shifts to larger social structure
Stage Five-contract orientation develops flexible, open, pragmatic

24. Contexts Early and Mid Adolescence
Families-variance
Styles of communication, adolescent autonomy-encouraged or not
Differing adolescent statuses
Detachment from parents

25. Stages in Family Patterns
1900 –1914 Domestic family
WW1 –women in factories
Return to domesticity

26. Mid 20thc to Now 1929-1939 Depression and survival
Cult of domesticity Nuclear
Second Wave Feminism
New Right vs Third Wave Feminism
Global economy.

27. PEERS School environment-lower, middle upper class? School structure
Social and Emotional experiences
Private vs Public
Catholic schools? Other religious schools

28. Peers Positive or negative influence Gangs vs Clubs
Activities-drugs vs sport
Group dynamics-leaders/ followers

29. Community Volunteer services Symbiosis-community, work, family
Healthy vs Unhealthy community.see Blyth and Leffert (1995)

30. Summary Early and Mid
Early mid adolescence examined in Kroger as distinct
Differences impacted by biology, psychology and society
Influences family, peers and community