1. Frontiers of Biotechnology

2. Changing the Living World
These dogs are all of the same species
Where do their striking differences in appearance come from?

3. Beef Cattle Breeds

4. Selective Breeding
A method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation
Nearly all domestic animals and crop plants have been produced by selective breeding

5. Luther Burbank American botanist 1849 – 1926
Developed more than 800 varieties of plants in his lifetime
Developed disease resistant potato to help fight Irish potato blight

6. Hybridization
Breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

7. Inbreeding
The continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics
Breeds developed through inbreeding are genetically similar
Increased chances of bringing together two recessive alleles for genetic defects

8. Increasing Variation
Breeders can increase genetic variation in a population by
Inducing mutations
Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variability

9. Variation – New Kinds of Bacteria
Mutation rates increased by using radiation or chemicals
Increases the chances of producing a useful mutant
Hundreds of useful bacterial strains have been produced

10. Variation – New Kinds of Plants
Polyploid plants
Plants with double or triple the normal number of chromosomes
Produced by using drugs that prevent chromosomes from separating during meiosis

11. Manipulating DNA Tools of Molecular Biology
DNA extraction
DNA can be extracted from cells by simple chemical procedures
Cutting DNA
DNA can be cut into smaller fragments by the use of restriction enzymes
Separating DNA
Gel electrophoresis – procedure used to produce DNA “fingerprints”

12. Cell Transformation
During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell
External DNA becomes a part of the cell’s DNA

13. Transforming Bacteria
Bacterial Transformation   During transformation, a cell incorporates DNA from outside the cell into its own DNA. One way to make recombinant DNA is to insert a human gene into bacterial DNA. The new combination of genes is then returned to a bacterial cell, and the bacteria can produce the human protein.

14. Transforming Plant Cells
Many plant cells can be transformed by using a process that takes advantage of a bacterium. In nature, this bacterium inserts a small DNA plasmid that produces tumors into a plant’s cells, as shown in the figure at right. Researchers have discovered that they can inactivate the tumor-producing gene and insert a piece of foreign DNA into the plasmid. The recombinant plasmid can then be used to infect plant cells. When their cell walls are removed, plant cells in culture will sometimes take up DNA on their own. DNA can also be injected directly into some cells. Cells transformed by either procedure can be cultured to produce adult plants.    If transformation is successful, the recombinant DNA is integrated into one of the chromosomes of the cell.

15. Transforming Animal Cells
Can be transformed in some of the same ways as plant cells
Has applications in gene replacement therapy
“Knocking Out” a Gene Recombinant DNA can replace a gene in an animal’s genome. The ends of the recombinant DNA recombine with sequences in the host cell DNA. When the recombinant DNA is inserted into the target location, the host cell’s original gene is lost or knocked out of its place.

16. Applications of Genetic Engineering
Transgenic organisms
Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms
Transgenic microorganisms
Transgenic animals
Transgenic plants

17. Cloning
Clone
A member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

18. Cloning Dolly A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder.
The nucleus of this cell will provide the genetic material for the cloned lamb.

19. An egg cell is taken from a second sheep.
The nucleus of the cell is removed.
This cell does not supply any genetic material for the cloned lamb.

20. The donor cell (with a nucleus) and the egg cell (without a nucleus) are fused using an electric shock.

21. The fused cells begin dividing normally, forming an embryo.
The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother.

22. The embryo develops into a lamb, Dolly.
Dolly is a clone of the sheep that donated the udder cell.

23. A cross between dissimilar individuals to bring together their best characteristics is called
a. genetic engineering
b. inbreeding
c. hybridization
d. sequencing

24. Crossing individuals with similar characteristics so that those characteristics will appear in the offspring is called
a. inbreeding
b. electrophoresis
c. hybridization
d. genetic engineering

25. Varieties of purebred dogs are maintained by
a. selective breeding
b. hybridization
c. inbreeding
d. genetic engineering

26. Changing the DNA of an organism is called
a. genetic engineering
b. hybridization
c. selective breeding
d. inbreeding