1. 01/03/13
Chapter 8
ADOLESCENCE

2. Emotional and Social Development
01/03/13
Emotional and Social Development
Chapter 8 Section 3 2

3. Emotional and Self-Development Storm and Stress
01/03/13
Adolescence thought to be a time of storm and stress
Why are adolescents so moody?
Experience Sampling Method (ESM) has shown that
Wear a watch that beeps randomly, then you record thoughts, feelings, behavior
In U.S. it is a time of emotional volatility
Self-conscious, embarrassed, moody, lonely, awkward, ignored 3

5. Emotional and Self-Development
01/03/13
Adolescent self—conceptions become complex b/c of brain development
Composed of:
Actual self—true self conception
Possible self—what you could become
Ideal self—would like to be
Feared self—would like to avoid becoming
False self—what is shown to others (WHO?)
to romantic partners, parents, friends 5

6. Emotional and Self-Development
01/03/13
LO 8.14 Changes in Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
Discrepancy between actual self and ideal self can lead to feelings of failure and depression
Self-esteem tends to fluctuate during adolescence WHY????? 6

7. Why does self esteem fluctuate?
01/03/13
Imaginary audience
Adolescents in Western cultures value the opinions of their peers highly.

8. Emotional and Self-Development Self-Esteem
01/03/13
Eight domains of adolescent self-esteem (Susan Harter)
Self Perception Profile for Adolescents
Scholastic competence
Social acceptance
Athletic competence
Physical appearance
Job competence
Romantic appeal
Behavioral conduct
Close friendship
Global (overall) self esteem
Which one of these is strongly related to global self esteem? 8

9. Emotional and Self-Development Self-Esteem
01/03/13
Domains most strongly related to global (overall) self-esteem are:
Physical appearance
Social acceptance from peers
Self-esteem tends to be lower in girls than boys during adolescence. Why?
B/c physical appearance is more central to girls’ self-esteem and b/c they tend to evaluate their appearance more negatively, they have lower overall self-esteem than boys do. 9

10. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Family Relationships
01/03/13
In Western countries, conflict with parents increases during early adolescence, then declines in later adolescence.
Why?
In traditional cultures, it is rare for parents and adolescents to engage in frequent conflicts.
Conflict may be due to sexual maturation, cognitive issues, and striving for independence and autonomy
Highlight mother and daughter conflicts
In non-Western cultures there is more deference to elders and group harmony is emphasized as part of collectivist values. 10

11. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Family Relationships
Why so adolescents have conflict w/their parents?
Sexual issues
Cognitive development: challenge parents reasoning.
Teens want autonomy from their parents. Parents worry about sex, driving, drugs…

12. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Family Relationships
2. Why is it rare in traditional cultures for parents and adolescents to engage in frequent conflicts?
In traditional cultures parents have more authority
Duty and respect to parents

13. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Peers and Friends
01/03/13
Friends provide companionship and intimacy
In traditional cultures adolescents spend more time with family than peers
Intimacy most distinctive feature of adolescent friendships 13

14. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Peers and Friends
01/03/13
Girls talk more with their friends than boys do
Non-Western countries adolescents are close to families even as they are close to friends 14

15. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Peers and Friends
01/03/13
Adolescent social groups include:
Cliques—small group of friends
Crowds—larger, reputation-based groups; not necessarily friends
Crowds help adolescents define their own identities
What kind of crowds existed in your school? 15

17. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Peers and Friends
01/03/13
Three components of bullying:
Aggression—physical or verbal
Repetition—pattern over time
Power imbalance—bully has higher peer status than victim.
Negative effects include helplessness, anxiety, and unhappiness
Cyberbullying/online harassment: bullying via electronic means
highest in early adolescence
L.O. 8.19 17

18. Did your parents talk to you about sex when you were an adolescent?
What was the conversation about?

19. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Love and Sexuality
01/03/13
Culture influences views on relationships and sexuality
Research by Clellan Ford & Frank Beach
Patterns of Sexual Behavior - 60 year old book
Compiled information on sexuality from 200 cultures
Permissive cultures tolerate/encourage adolescent sexuality (northern Europe, Sweden)
Semi-restrictive cultures have prohibitions, but not strictly enforced & easily evaded (most developed countries)
Restrictive cultures have strong prohibitions (although double standard is common) Asia, Mexico, Middle East 19

20. Group Work #5 Cambodian Love Huts
What do you think about this practice?
What are some of the advantages of the love huts?
What are some of the disadvantages of love huts?
How is this practice similar or different from your own culture regarding teenage sex?
Let's Watch

21. Social and Cultural Contexts of Adolescence: Pregnancy
01/03/13
Rates of premarital pregnancy:
Low in both restrictive and permissive cultures
Higher rate in U.S. than in any other developed country. Why?
There is no clear cultural message
Sexually active teens are not comfortable enough w/ their sexuality to prepare/obtain contraception
High rate in US impacted by mixed messages. 21

22. 01/03/13
L.O. 8.18
Figure Teenage Pregnancy Rates in Developed Countries Why are rates so high in the United States? Based on: WHO (2010)

23. Social and Cultural Contexts of Development Sexual Orientation
01/03/13
Adolescence is when sexual orientation is fully aware
Historically kept secret now more likely to “come out”
Homophobia can make coming out traumatic
Parental rejection a concern
Acceptance by peers may be increasing
L.O 23

24. Social and Cultural Contexts of Development Media Use
01/03/13
How many hours do adolescents spend on media?
Electronic games
Become more popular among boys
Favorite games involve violence
Could be related to anxiety and depression
Use may be related to feelings of power, fame, and dealing with stress
L.O. 8.21 24

25. Problems and Resilience Crime and Delinquency
01/03/13
Crime rates peak about 18 then decline
Two types of delinquency
Life course—persistent delinquents
Difficult temperament, ADHD, low income family, single parent, learning disabilities
Adolescence limited delinquents
Detail the types of delinquency in more depth 25

26. Problems and Resilience Depression
01/03/13
Types of depression
Depressed mood: temporary sadness
Major depressive disorder: clinical diagnosis of depressed mood, appetite & sleeping disturbances, fatigue
Two types of treatment
Anti-depressant
psychotherapy
Mention common cause of depressed mood
Girls at higher risk
L.O. 8.23 26

27. Problems and Resilience Resilience in Adolescence
01/03/13
Resilience—good outcomes in spite of threats to adaptation and development
Protective factors are:
High intelligence
Effective parenting
Adult mentor
Physical attractiveness
Religiosity
L.O. 8.24 27

28. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Erik Erikson
Identity vs. Role Confusion
The adolescent will develop a sense of identity through sexual,emotional,educational, ethnic, cultural, vocational exploration. or
The adolescent can be confused about who they are if they do not have the opportunity to explore and figure it out.

29. James Marcia’s Identity Status
took Erikson’s theory and expanded it.
Two components:
1. crisis/exploration: we question and think about what we know about ourselves, how it all fits together, how it compares to our ideal selves.
2. commitment: after some time thinking we come to a conclusion/decision about who we are.

30. Paths to Identity Identity Achievement Identity Foreclosure
Explored alternatives
Committed to set of self- chosen values & goals
Sense of psychological well-being
Identity Foreclosure
Adopts values & goals of parents, authority & culture without exploring alternatives
Bank forclosed; Identity diffusion is the opposite of identity achievement.

31. Paths to Identity Identity Moratorium Identity Diffusion
Experiment w/ alternative activities & identities
In process - Not yet made commitment to values & goals to guide their lives
Identity Diffusion
Lack direction – indifferent to commitments to values, goals or roles
Obviously during the process of identity achievement vs. diffusion there are conflict that arise within the family.

32. Let's Watch
Let's Watch