3. Fluorescein Angiography (FA)
Used to monitor progression and leakage of vessels in retinopathy
Inject yellow dye into vein in hand/arm and take pictures as it reaches the eyes
Blood blocks view of dye so appears dark
Leaky serum appears bright with the dye
Helps to guide staging and appropriate treatment

7. Staging of NPDR Mild, Moderate, Severe 4-2-1 Rule
4 quadrants of retinal hemes
2 quadrants of venous beading
1 quadrant of IRMA
= SEVERE
Dictates how urgently patient needs to return for follow up or be referred to specialist for care

8. Severe NPDR

9. Severe NPDR

10. Pre-Proliferative Retionpathy

11. Pre-Proliferative Retinopathy

12. Proliferative Retinopathy

13. Significant Neovascularization

15. Hemorrhage in front of the Retina and in Vitreous gel due to Neovascularization

16. Traction due to Proliferative Retinopathy