2. Social inequality Youth Education Educational aspirations Reproduction of social barriers

3. Regarding education as an investment A diploma as a market commodity Sector of higher education as a field of investment Polish educational system - 1999

4. Popularization of education The functioning of the educational system – restricting access to preschools, less qualified teachers etc. Financial standings – growing impoverishment Cultural capital of the rural community

5. According to Collins (1971) and Bourdieu (1986), while for a children from intellectual families the cultural capital received from home is a trump card, for those born in the country it is a barrier strengthening the selection which takes place between secondary schools and universities.

6. Pre school attendance: a) Rural areas - 16.7 % 2003/04 - 23.3 % 1990 b) Urban areas- 52.3 % 2003/04 - 77.7 % 1990 In Poland by 30.9 %

7. Modernized after 1999 education reform Until 1999: pre schools, 8 year primary schools, secondary schools (grammar schools, vocational schools, technical colleges) From 1999 6 – year primary school, lower secondary schools, post-lower secondary schools, college or studies

8. 1999 city schools inc. 9.6 % - pupils 13.2 % dec. Countryside schools 11.1 % dec. – 4.1 % pupils inc. 1999 – 2000 lower secondary schools inc. 2.4 %

9. 2005, 251 post lower secondary schools in rural areas (2,517) Vocational and general vocational schools 1,038 – 7,456 Higher education schools - 12.8 % 1990, 24-34% in European countries 2% from countryside

10. 1990 – 1998 25 % - 57 % 1990 – 1998 30 % - 5 % vocational schools 1992 30 % - 2002 60 % People with higher education 1988 6.5 % - 2002 10.2 %

12. 1987 52.9 % - 40.6 % 1999 primary education 37.8 % - 27.4 % among people from rural areas Among women 1988 5.9% - 2002 11.9 %

13. Strengthens social diversification In cities 10.3 % of population In the country 3.9 % of population

14. National Report 2002 Metropolitan areas 20% people with higher education Peripheral less then 5% Areas located 100-150 km from Warsaw within a radius of 30-70 km from Szczecin, Poznan, Olsztyn etc. below 3-6%

16. PISA – Program for International Student Assessment Among 15 year olds – post primary school 3 yearly – successive rounds of tests Comprehension, mathematics, scientific thinking

17. Finding information in texts of varied form Interpreting text Reflection and assessment Rank: 5 th level is the best 1 st is the weakest 2000 Polish students - level 3 80% of pupils from countryside were illiterate

18. 15 % without sports room – replacement rooms No water or toilets 50% without reading room No libraries, internet (three times worse than in cities), computers 27% (12% in cities)

19. 82% of primary and 76% of lower secondary schools in countryside – 3 hours waiting for the bus Disqualified teachers – more subjects Specialists going to schools is limited

20. TNS OBOP – Ministry of Education 80% of pupils continued their studies after lower secondary schools (2003) 37% secondary schools, 28% technical colleges, 15% profiled secondary schools, 14% basic vocational schools 44% leave their village, secondary schools 50%+

21. Improving changes Expenditure for the educational system Level of education Modernization of the system Increasing participation of education Improving quality and effectiveness of education