1. America: Past and Present Chapter 27
AMERICA AND THE WORLD,
America: Past and Present
Chapter 27

2. Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry
1920s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment
U.S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

3. Retreat in Europe
U.S. quarrels with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans
U.S. never joined the League of Nations
U.S. refuses recognition of Soviet Union

4. Cooperation in Latin America
Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion
FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounces past imperialism
U.S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

5. Rivalry in Asia 1920--Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria
U.S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China

6. Rivalry in Asia: Washington Conference of 1921
England agrees to U.S. naval equality
Japan accepted as third largest naval power
All nations agree to limit naval construction
Nine-Power Treaty--Open Door Policy reaffirmed
Four-Power Treaty--establishes alliance among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France

7. Isolationism Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs
Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war
Germany
Italy
Japan

8. The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality
Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war
1935--Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation
U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited
U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited
1937--Japan invades China
FDR permits sale of arms to China

9. War in Europe FDR approves appeasement of Hitler
1938--Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia
FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France
July, FDR attacks neutrality acts
September W.W.II begins, Roosevelt declares the acts in force

10. The Road to War U.S. remains at peace 1939-1941
Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan
Roosevelt openly expresses favor for Allies, moves cautiously to avoid isolationist outcry

11. From Neutrality to Undeclared War
FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war
November, belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis
1940--German occupation of France

13. From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England
U.S. gives or loans war supplies
U.S. ships transport war supplies
Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization

14. Showdown in the Pacific
1937--Japanese occupation of coastal China
U.S. limits exports to Japan of strategic materials
1940--Japan allies with Germany, Italy
Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts U.S. to end all trade

15. Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor
1941--U.S.-Japanese negotiations
Japan’s demands
free hand in China
restoration of normal trade relations
U.S. demands Japanese troops out of China
December 7, Pearl Harbor attacked
December 8--War declared

16. Turning the Tide Against the Axis
December, Axis on the offensive
U.S., England, Russia fight to seize the initiative
offensive to crush Axis

17. Wartime Partnerships
U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill
Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance
Soviet Union often feels alone in conflict
Wartime tensions persist after victory

18. Halting the German Blitz
November U.S. invades North Africa
May U.S., England invade Italy
Mussolini falls from power
slow advance up the Italian peninsula
Summer, Battle of Stalingrad
Russia defeats Germans
begins advance into eastern Europe

19. Checking Japan in the Pacific
Two-pronged drive against Japan
Douglas MacArthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines
Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines
June, victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

20. World War II in the Pacific

21. The Home Front War ends depression Economy geared for military output
Automobile factories converted to tank and airplane production
Women moved into the workplace
Demographic shifts

22. The Arsenal of Democracy
Scarce goods rationed
Income of lowest-paid laborers increases faster than the rich
High savings rate lays basis for postwar prosperity

23. A Nation on the Move Wartime migration South and West
Early marriages, increased birth rates
Family-related social problems
housing shortages
more divorces
neglected children

24. A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions
Women’s income increases 50%
African Americans
equal opportunities in war-related industry
surging migration from the rural South
Mexican-Americans take urban factory jobs

25. A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment
120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps
1944--Supreme Court rejects appeal for release
1988--Congress votes indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

26. Japanese American Internment Camps

27. Win-the-War Politics
1942--Republican-Southern Democrat coalition controls Congress
November, Truman attracts moderates, FDR wins fourth term

29. Victory June 6, 1944--Normandy Invasion
April 25, U.S., Russian forces meet at Torgau
May 7, unconditional German surrender

30. War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy
Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany
U.S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations
Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U.S., Soviet differences
April 12, FDR dies

31. World War II in Europe and North Africa

32. Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific
June 21, U.S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific
May-August--intense air attacks on Japan
August 6--atom bomb destroys Hiroshima
August 9--atom bomb destroys Nagasaki
August 14--Japan surrenders

33. The Transforming Power of War
U.S. the most powerful nation on earth
Unprecedented economic prosperity
Federal government a permanent force in daily life