1. Beam commissioning plans, 2007 and 2008
R.Bailey
LHC Commissioning Working Group
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

2. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Overall commissioning strategy
Commissioning for Stage I
New schedule and consequences for
2007
2008
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

3. Overall commissioning strategy for protons (estd. 2005)
Stage I II
III IV
Hardware commissioning
Machine checkout
Beam commissioning
43 bunch operation
75ns ops
25ns ops I
Install Phase II and MKB
25ns ops II
No beam
Beam
Pilot physics run
First collisions
43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate intensities
Push performance
Performance limit 1032 cm-2 s-1 (event pileup)
75ns operation
Establish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensities
Relaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle)
Push squeeze and crossing angle
Performance limit 1033 cm-2 s-1 (event pileup)
25ns operation I
Nominal crossing angle
Push squeeze
Increase intensity to 50% nominal
Performance limit cm-2 s-1
25ns operation II
Push towards nominal performance
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

4. Parameter evolution and rates
All values for nominal emittance, 7TeV and 10m * in points 2 and 8
Parameters
Beam levels
Rates in 1 and 5
Rates in 2 (and 8) kb N
* 1,5
(m)
Ibeam
proton
Ebeam
(MJ)
Luminosity
(cm-2s-1)
Events/
crossing 43
4 1010 11 2
<< 1
0.15
0.76
156 7
9 1010 16
3.9
0.77
936 42
0.73
6 1010 63
1.6
0.34 1 94
2808
126
0.72
5 1010
157
2.1
0.24
0.55
3.6
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

5. Evolution of beam levels and luminosity stages I II & III
43/156 bunch operation
75ns operation
25ns operation I
~ 45% of nominal I
~ 25% of nominal I
~ 5% of nominal I
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

6. LHC Commissioning Working Group
After discussions in early 2006
LHCCWG launched
Develop detailed commissioning plan for Stage I
Target: 43 on 43 with per bunch at * of 2m
Leave 75ns and 25ns aspects for later
Phase by phase
Web based doc to start with
Document later
Report to LTC
Activities 2006
Kicked off March 8th
Meet ~ every 2 weeks
18 meetings to date
Topics ~ followed chronology of startup
Dealt with a number of other issues 1
Injection and First turn 2
Circulating beam, RF capture 3
450 GeV: initial commissioning 4
450 GeV: detailed measurements 5
450 GeV: 2 beams 6
Nominal cycle 7
Snapback – single beam 8
Ramp – single beam 9
Single beam at physics energy 10
Two beams to physics energy 11
Physics 12
Commission squeeze 13
Physics partially squeezed
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

7. LHC Commissioning Working Group
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

8. New Master Planning – October 2007
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

9. New Master Planning – the business end of 2007
Need to allocate 4 weeks for the power tests of Sector 1-2
Need to allocate periods for the commissioning of the access system
Access Control System – Global Test
Full Machine Checkout
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Beam commissioning to 450 GeV & Engineering run

10. New Master Planning – main points for commissioning
Power tests on magnet circuits
Sectors 78, 81, 45 fully hardware commissioned
Cycled to 7.2TeV with full protection systems
kept on standby below 80K after HWC
kept at nominal operating temperature after HWC
Sectors 34, 56, 67 hardware commissioned for 450GeV
Cycled to ~1TeV with limited protection systems
Kept at nominal operating temperature after HWC
Sector 23, 12 hardware commissioned for 450GeV just in time
All special function equipment has been tested to 450GeV and more
Transfer lines, Injection systems, Extraction systems
RF, BI, Collimators
RP systems, MP systems (users)
Vacuum closed end August 2007
Global test of Access Control System October 2007
Engineering run in 2007
Need soon to get into the details of late 2007 …
cooling down, vacuum system, power tests, operation tests, access tests, beam
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

11. LHC Commissioning Sequence 2007 and 2008
Machine is closed ↓
Minimum hardware commissioning
Nov/Dec 2007: Beam operation with collisions at 450 GeV
Full hardware commissioning and installation of some delayed equipment for 7 TeV (e.g. some collimators)
LHC commissioning for 7 TeV physics
LHC High Energy Operation
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

12. Hardware Commissioning
Engineering run in 2007
Installation
Hardware Commissioning
450GeV
Engineering Run
Machine checkout
450GeV
Beam commissioning
Collisions 450GeV
Ramp commissioning
Aims:
Commission essential safety systems
Commission essential beam instrumentation
Commission essential hardware systems
Perform beam based measurements to check:
Polarities
Aperture
Field characteristics
Establish stable two beam operations
Provide collisions
Interleave with further machine development, in particular, the ramp
Should provide a firm platform for eventual commissioning to 7 TeV and provide lead time for problem resolution.
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

13. 450GeV run - Machine Configuration
Crossing angles off
1, 12, 43, 156 bunches
Separation bumps on
2 beam operation
Optics
β*= 11m in IR 1 & 5
β*= 10m in IR 2 & 8
Transverse beam sizes
290 µm at 1 and 5
277 µm at 2 and 8
Shift bunches for LHCb
4 out of 43 bunches
16 bunches out of 156
Nominal bunch length: cm (8 MV)
Later shortened with higher RF voltage (16 MV)
Solenoids & Exp. Dipoles etc. off (to start with)
LHC
25 ns
ISR
75 ns
Tevatron HERA
156 b
SNS
43 b
LEP2
Working area 2007 run
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

14. 450GeV run - Vacuum
At nominal, the beam lifetime due to residual gas ~ 100 h
In late 2007
No beam conditioning
Bake out may well be incomplete
For unbaked vacuum systems (only sputter ion pumps)
Dominated by H2O
Requires several weeks of pump down
Targets (Chamonix 06)
 ~ 35h in 2007
 ~ 50h in 2008
After 3 months of pump down, the pressure is ~ 10-8 Torr
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

15. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
450GeV run - Collimators
Lower intensity, lower energy, reduced demands
Bigger beams, Un-squeezed
Aperture limitation is the arcs, in particular DS
With low beam intensity:
Primary collimators: 6σ
Secondary collimators: out
Tertiary collimators: out
Absorbers: out
TCDQ: 10σ
TDI: out
With optimistic beam intensity:
Primary collimators: 5.7σ
Secondary collimators: 6.7σ
Tertiary collimators: out
Absorbers: out
TCDQ: 9σ
TDI: 6.8σ
See Ralph Assmann’s talk tomorrow
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

16. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
450 GeV Phases
Phase 1
First turn 2
Establish circulating beam 3
450 GeV – initial 4a
450 GeV - measurements 4b
450 GeV – system commissioning 5a
Two beam operations 5b
Collisions 6
Increase intensity
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

17. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
First Turn
Commissioning for 7 TeV
450 GeV
Team
Sub-phase
Total Time
both rings
Priority
450 GeV
Collisions
BT/OP
Commission TI8 & TI2 end transfer line,
Commission injection region: kickers, septa,
check aperture, instrumentation, beam to
TDI. 24 1
Essential
OP/BI
Commission trajectory acquisition and
correction, thread beam - first turn, energy
matching 48 BI
Commission Beam Loss Monitor system
phase 1 12
Parasitic
OP/AP
Orbit response, kicks, trajectory,
BPM and corrector polarity checks OP
Initial aperture checks 16
Leave
Momentum aperture 6
COL
Setting up of injection machine protection 2
6 days
4 days
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

18. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Circulating beam
Sub-phase
Total Time
both rings
Priority
450 GeV
Collisions
OP/AP
Adjust chromaticity, close trajectory,
establish multiple turns, obtain closed
orbit 24 1
Essential
OP/RF
Energy matching and correction, B-sps,
f-lhc, B-lhc   - both rings, RF capture 32
Measure integer tunes, fractional tunes,
phase advance per turn 16
3 days
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

19. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
450 GeV - initial
Team
Sub-phase
Total Time both rings
Priority
450 GeV
Collisions RF
Beam control loops (Phase, Synchro, Radial). Tuner loop, RF Feedback loop. Synchronisation 24 1
Essential
OP/AP
Test control and correction (corrector polarities, cabling, control system, software, procedures …).  Measure & correct orbit. 16
OP/BI
Commission transverse diagnostics - tune measurement [FFT].  Measure and adjust tunes, chromaticity, and coupling.
Linear optics checks: check orbit versus kick, phase advance, BPM and corrector polarity. MD BI
Commission beam loss monitors - acquisition, display etc. No connection to BIC for the moment. 12
Parasitic BT
Commission beam dump - phase 1
Commission BCTs: lifetime measurement -
MPS
Commission beam interlock system with beam - phase 1. BIC to dump with beam. Test. 8
5 days
3 days
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

20. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
450 GeV - Measurements
Team
Sub-phase
Total Time
both rings
Priority
450 GeV
Collisions BT
Matching between TI8/TI2 and ring. Pilots. 8 2
Leave
AP/OP
Measure beta beating. Identify and correct
local sources of phase advance errors. 16 1 Do
MA/OP
Check key transfer functions (separation
dipoles etc.)
Later [MD]
Mechanical aperture checks. Bumps – check
the aperture in the cold machine
Essential
OP/MA
Field quality checks. Check design fields,
field harmonics, fields due to offsets
between beam and magnet
≤ b3 OP
Momentum aperture
IR bumps, check aperture in IRs
OP/AP
Reproducibility after cycling machine. Effect of
magnetic cycle, reproducibility, field model
BI/AP
Quench levels and BLM response 24
5 days
1-2 days
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

21. 450 GeV - System commissioning
Team
Sub-phase
Total Time
both rings
Priority
450 GeV
Collisions RF
Loop adjustment 8 1 Do
Transverse damper 2
Leave
Longitudinal feedback BI
Transverse profile monitors
Parasitic
Commission beam loss monitors - phase 2,
calibration, thresholds. Commission the
BLM's around the collimators. Link to BIC 16
Tune - PLL OP
Closed orbit feedback
Do later
COL
Adjustment of collimators, orbit stabilization,
test positioning procedures, beam loss
monitors. 36
Essential for
Intensity
increase BT
TDI. Position, angle, interlocks
Essential
TCDQ orbit at 6, position, angle, interlocks
MPS
FMCM 4
Test Safe LHC Parameters: Safe Beam Flag,
Beam Presence Flag, Safe LHC mode, Safe
Energy, Safe Squeezing Factor
(parasitic)
7 days
2-3 days
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

22. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
2 beam operation
Team
Sub-phase
Total Time
Priority
450 GeV
Collisions OP
SPS - switch rings - TI8/TI2 in parallel – LHC injection 8 1
Parasitic
OP/BT
Commission separation bumps. Closure of bumps.
Check aperture. Check injection region. 16
Essential
OP/AP
Effect of bumps - dispersion, non-closure 2
Leave BI
Beam parameters: Q split, Q' split, coupling,
Beam instrumentation: BLMs, BPMs cross talk etc. Do
Control system: real-time feedback, orbit correction,
orthogonality etc., energy matching - 2 rings
2 days
1 Day
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

23. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Colliding beams
Team
Sub-phase
Total
Time
Priority OP
Separation bump reduction, check interaction with orbit
feedback: points 1,2,5 & 8. Establish collisions
4*8
Essential BI
Commission luminosity monitors (v. low interaction rates) 8
Parasitic
COL
Collimation setup -
Optimisation
Commission spectrometer compensation (compensation at
450 GeV?). Bring solenoids on.
2*8
2 days
1-2 days
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

24. Some opportunities for parallel development and parasitic studies
Overall time
Phase
Beam time [days]
Beam 1
First turn 4
1 x Pilot 2
Establish circulating beam 3
450 GeV – initial
1 x Pilot++ 4a
450 GeV - consolidation
1-2 4b
450 GeV – system commissioning
2-3 5a
2 beam operations
2 x Pilot++ 5b
Collisions
2 x Pilot++ 
16 days
Given an operational efficiency of 60%, this gives an elapsed time of about 26 days.
Some opportunities for parallel development and parasitic studies
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

25. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Performance at 450GeV Kb 43
156
ib (1010) 2 4 10
* 1 5 (m) 11
intensity per beam
beam energy (MJ)
.06
.12
.45
1.1
Luminosity 1 5
2 1028
7 1028
event rate (kHz)
0.7
2.8 65
W rate (per 24h)
0.8 3 70
Z rate (per 24h)
0.08
0.3 7
Assuming 450GeV inelastic cross section 40mb
Assuming 450GeV cross section W → lν 1nb
Assuming 450GeV cross section Z → ll 100pb
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

26. Hardware commissioning
Beyond 2007
Stage I II
III
2008
Hardware commissioning
7TeV
Machine checkout
Beam commissioning
43 bunch operation
75ns ops
25ns ops I
Shutdown
No beam
Beam
2009
III
Shutdown
Machine checkout
7TeV
Beam setup
25ns ops I
No beam
Beam
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

27. Should benefit from 450 GeV run Aiming to do this in around 2 months.
Full commissioning
Rings
Total [days]
both rings 1
Injection and first turn 2 6
Circulating beam 3
450 GeV - initial 5 4
450 GeV - detailed 12
450 GeV - two beams
Snapback - single beam 7
Ramp - single beam 8
Ramp - both beams 9
7 TeV - setup for physics 10
Physics un-squeezed -
TOTAL to first collisions 45 11
Commission squeeze
Increase Intensity 13
Set-up physics - partially squeezed. 14
Pilot physics run
Should benefit from 450 GeV run
Aiming to do this in around 2 months.
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

28. LHC Hardware Commissioning to 7TeV LHC Beam Commissioning
2008 draft schedule
3 month shutdown (no beam)
4 weeks checkout (no beam)
8 weeks beam commissioning
26 weeks physics run (protons)
20 days physics
4 days MD
3 days technical stop
LHC Hardware Commissioning to 7TeV
LHC Machine Checkout
LHC Beam Commissioning
LHC Physics run
LHC Physics run
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

29. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Summary – aims for 2007
Commission 450GeV machine
Multiple bunches (43) circulating in each ring
Single beam lifetimes ~ 30h
Injection optics (β*= 11 m in IR 1 & 5, β*= 10 m in IR 2 & 8)
No squeeze
No crossing angle
Collisions
Secondary aims
Commission ramp to 1TeV
Commission crossing angle
Commission 75ns beams
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

30. (106 seconds @ <L> of 1033 cm-2 s-1 → 1 fb-1)
Summary – aims for 2008
Commission high energy operation
Aim for 7TeV (magnets will decide)
43 /156 bunch running
No squeeze to start
Then commission partial squeeze (aim for 2m)
75ns running
25ns running
High 1032 cm-2 s-1 is in reach
100+ days for physics
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
(106 <L> of 1033 cm-2 s-1 → 1 fb-1)

31. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006
Plan B
R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006