1. Images of Apartheid in South Africa
CHY4U Unit 4
Images of Apartheid in South Africa

2. Historical Segregation
Since colonial times under British control (late 1800s), blacks and whites had been separated
10:1 population difference between majority blacks and ruling whites
Racial separation sign
South Africa History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

3. Apartheid Policy
Official policy of separation of the races from 1948 to 1994 under the National Party
Separation of all public facilities (buses, beaches, hospitals, parks, etc.), education, residential areas
Illegal to intermarry, have interracial sex
Sign designating separate public places
Apartheid South Africa. (n.d.). History of South Africa. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

4. Pass Book Police check pass book, 1950 Pass Book, 1970
Blacks had to show it to move around the country
They could only live in black areas (outside main cities)
Blacks lost citizenship when they were required to carry pass books
Police check pass book, 1950
Pass Book, 1970
PBS. (n.d.). Masterpiece: Endgame apartheid timeline. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from Smith, D. (2009, Sept. 8). In the black and white rainbow nation, colour and class still count. Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from guardian.co.uk

5. Economic Inequality
Standard of living for whites was amongst the highest in the world
Diamonds 1860s
Gold 1880s
Income per person in 1987:
for whites Rand (currency)
for blacks 1246 Rand
South African History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid Retrieved April 6, 2010 from
Soweto shacks in the 1970s

6. Resistance to Apartheid
Sharpeville 1960: 69 people killed protesting pass laws
Protestors marched to the police station to “turn themselves in” after leaving their pass books at home
- ANC banned after this
Mass action during 1980s - intense pressure, constant resistance and demonstrations
Sharpeville, 1960

7. Soweto Soweto uprising 1976:
began with peaceful Black student protests against a new law that said they had to be taught in the Afrikaans language.
Two kids were hit by bullets and died.
Resulting riots lasted over a year and 500 people died.
South Africa History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

8. Biko Stephen Biko led Black Consciousness Movement
“The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.”
Biko
Stephen Biko led Black Consciousness Movement
Tried to instill Black pride and self-reliance in the face of relentless belittling by the government
Helped organize the Soweto uprising in 1976
He died in police custody in 1977 after being beaten to death

9. Resistance con’t Free Mandela badge, 1984 Freedom Charter, 1955
BBC News. (n.d.). Wearing your heart on your sleeve. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from bbc.co.uk

10. Resistance, con’t United Democratic Front campaigns
South Africa History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

11. Nelson Mandela African National Congress leader
sent to prison in 1963 for life after being convicted of sabotage
willing to use force
released from prison in 1990
Mandela in his early years
South Africa History Online. (n.d.). Nelson Mandela. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

12. Mandela con’t
“The white government must legalize us, treat us like a political party and negotiate with us. Until they do we will have to live with the armed struggle. It is useless to simply carry on talking.” 1960
Mandela voting in 1994
African National Congress. (2010). Documents: photos of leaders. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

13. “Our march to freedom is irreversible.”
Released from Prison
“Our march to freedom is irreversible.”
Nelson Mandela upon being released from prison after serving 27 years
( )
Nelson Mandela Foundation. (2010). Commemorating 18 years of freedom. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

14. Sanctions
In the late 1970s Canada enacted economic sanctions against South Africa; raised to a higher level in 1985
In 1985 the European Economic Community banned oil sales, arm sales to South Africa and future nuclear cooperation with the country

15. Ending Apartheid
Massive pressure built up, both from within the country and from outside (sanctions, boycotts, etc.)
1994 universal suffrage election is held
ANC wins
Mandela becomes president
UN Photo: News and Media. (2009). Apartheid – South Africa holds first all race elections. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

16. Years Later Mandela Reflects on Freedom
Entrance to Robben Island prison
Mandela shows US President Bill Clinton his former cell in 1996
The Mirror. (2010). Nelson Mandela: a life in pictures. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from South African History. (n.d.). Grade 9: Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from

17. Dealing with the Past TRC = Truth and Reconciliation Commission
established to help South Africa avoid the cycle of revenge and violence, come together as one nation
led by Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu
Mandela and Tutu