1. Pharmacognosy 2
PHG 203 Week (1)
Dr Heba

2. المستوى الثاني عقاقير- 2-
The Fruits 1
المستوى الثاني
عقاقير- 2-

3. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
a1- The basic concepts of Pharmacognosy through principles of the morphological, histological and taxonomical features of medicinally important plant organs including fruits, herbs, barks, woods and subterraneans. d1- Express well all studied information with their clear special terminological principles. d2- Draw skillfully all scientific drawings related to the studied course.

4. Definition: Functions:
The fruit is a plant organ derived from a fertilized ovary “gynaecium”.
Functions:
protect and nourish seed.
The pericarp of fruits shows two scars (one at the base and another at the apical side).

6. Fruits are classified as follow:
Composite Fruit
True Fruit
False Fruit
Aggregate Fruits
Simple Fruits
Succulent
Dry Schizocarpic
dry dehiscent
dry indehiscent

7. True fruit: fruit is formed from the gynaecium of a single flower alone.
False fruit: when other parts of the flower take part in its formation.
Composite fruit :If the fruit is formed from the whole inflorescence and not from a single flower.
Simple fruit: formed of 1carple or syncarpous ovary.
Aggregate fruit : formed of apocarpous gynaecium. e.g. star anise

8. DRY Dehiscent Fruits:
They split when ripe to set free the seeds, pericarp is dry, it may be one of these:
1-Follicle: fruit formed from one carpel which dehisces by the ventral suture only.
2- Legume: fruit is monocarpellary, splits along both dorsal and ventral sutures as senna pods 1 2

9. DRY Dehiscent fruits:
3- Capsule: fruit is derived from a syncarpous ovary, it is many seeded fruit it dehisces by one of these methods :
i- by valve either septicidal e.g. Colchicum or loculicidal e.g. Cardamom.
ii- by pores, poricidal it may be (apical pores) e.g. papaver or (basal pores) e.g. Campanula.
iii- by lid (transverse slit) throwing off the upper part e.g. Hyoscyumaus (pyxidium).
pores

10. DRY Dehiscent fruits:
4- Silique: fruit from two carpels with a false septum in-between, it splits to by two valves to expose seed along central membrane, e.g. (mustards).

11. Indehiscent fruits:
They are dry fruits which do not split when ripe. They are one seeded. They include the following types:
1- Achene: one-seeded fruit formed of one carpel, superior ovary, the pericarp is free from the testa membranous or leathery pericarp.

12. Indehiscent fruits:
2-Caryopsis or (Grain): (e.g. fruits of gramineae : wheat) It is an achene in which the pericarp and testa are fused.
3-Cypsela :
One seeded , bicarpellary , unilocular, inferior ovary.
The pericarp and testa are free (e.g. Compositae and Valerianaceae).
4- samara: it is winged, one seeded fruit formed of one carpel or of more carpels. The wings are membranous development from the pericarp. 2- 3- 4-

13. Indehiscent fruits: Nut :
Bigger than achene. one seeded, unilocular with hard woody or leathery pericarp (e.g. Chestnut).
It may originate from inferior ovary (e.g. Hazel) or from superior ovary (e.g. Polygonaceae).

14. Schizocarpic fruits:
The pericarp becomes dry, they are two to many seeded they split up into a number of one-seeded indehiscent parts called mericarps. They include several types but the most familiar type is cremocarp

15. Cremocarp:
Formed of two carpels, the ovary is inferior and bilocular, the cremocarp splits longitudinally between the two locules into two one-seeded mericarps as in Umbelliferae ,e.g. anise, Fennel,…
N.B.: it splits but it doesn’t open.

16. Cremocarp:

17. Succulent Fruits
When a part or most of the pericarp is formed of fleshy tissue usually indehiscent, sometimes peal off on ripening to expose seeds or enclose them in hard endocarp.
1- Drupe: epicarp is leathery , mesocarp is fleshy, endocarp is hard enclosing single seed e.g. : olive
2- Berry: pericarp is entirely fleshy, usually many seeded e.g.: capsicum, orange

18. Drupe
Berry

19. Aggregate fruits:
They are developed from apocarpous gynaecium of single flower.
They are formed of a collection of fruits arranged on a single receptacle called “etaerio"
They may be formed of:
1-Achenes grouped on a more or less swollen or fleshy receptacle (e.g. Strawberry).
2-Follicles on dry receptacle (e.g. Aconite, Star anise).

20. False fruits
They are derived from mature ovary of a single flower accompanied by other parts of the same flower which on ripening become usually swollen and fleshy e.g. Apple, pear.

21. 1- Strobile: drived from scaly inflourescence, e.g. Hops
2- Sorosis: from a spike, swollen fleshy in which the fruits are fused together, e.g. Mulberry
3- Syconus: succulent hollow receptacle enclose achene –like bodies e.g.: Fig
COMPOSITE FRUITS
Strobile Sorosis Syconus

22. STRUCTURE OF THE FRUIT
The pericarp is divisible into three regions consists of:
1-Epicarp: outer layer
2-Mesocarp: middle tissue
3-Endocarp: inner most part

23. General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits
Morphologically:
The Fruit is True, simple, dry ,schizocarpic, cremocarp which on drying splits into two indehiscent one seeded mericarps.
The Fruits are derived from inferior ovary because of the presence of remains of floral parts just beneath stylopod at the fruit apex.
Surface of the fruit characterized by the presence of primary ridges (10 for each cremocarp and 5 for each mericarp).

24. Morphologically:
The apex of the fruit is crowned with conical structure named stylopod (represents the remains of style, stigma and nectary discs.) It consists of two mericarps attached from the apical part by the carpophore (simple or split or forked).
The seed is one in each mericarp, whereas the testa fused with endocarp. Its albuminous, placenta ion is apical. The raphe is very thin brown on flat side of Median longitudinal cut (MLC)

25. Split carpophore

26. Morphologically:
vittea
M.L.C.

27. Histologically: Epicarp is usually one row (Epidermis).
Glandular trichome is rare, while non-glandular trichome occur as unicellular, multicellular, shaggy or stellate form.
Mesocarp: characterized by the presence of schizogenous secreting ducts (vittae), containing volatile oils, or bitter principle.
They are six in number ,(for each mericarp, 4 dorsal ,2 ventral) and located in mesocarp.

28. Histologically:
The vascular bundle is fibro-bicollateral vascular bundle and sometime accompanied by reticulated parenchyma cells. They are five in number (for each mericarp) and located in mesocarp under each primary ridge.
3-The endocarp is one row (Narrow elongated parallel cells arranged in Parquetry or non -parquetry manner).

29. Histologically:
Endosperm is thick cellulosic contain fixed oil, aleurone grain and rosette crystal of calcium oxalte. Accoording to the ventral side character. It may be one of three types:
Orthospermous (flat) e.g. Fennel.
Coelospermous (slightly curved) e.g. Coriander.
Campylospermous (strongly grooved) e.g. Hemlock

30. Campylospermous
Orthospermous
Coelospermous