1. Multicultural and Bilingual Aspects of Special Education

4. Education and Cultural Diversity: Concepts for Special Education
Banks suggests six major components or elements of culture:
Values and behavioral styles
Languages and dialects
Nonverbal communication
Awareness (of one’s cultural distinctiveness)
Frames of reference (normative world views or perspectives)
Identification (feeling part of the cultural group)

5. Education and Cultural Diversity
Macroculture- race, religion, social class, disability, gender, and ethnic group; these elements together make up a national or shared culture
Microculture- smaller cultures that share the common characteristics of the macroculture but have their unique values, styles, languages, and nonverbal communication

6. Education and Cultural Diversity
Nearly 1 in 5 Americans does not speak English at home
More than 2 million grandparents are raising their grandchildren
The number of adults who work solely out of their homes has grown a third since 1990
1 in 6 children lives in poverty
The nation gained more immigrants in the 1990s than in any previous decade
Poverty places children at higher risk of disability

7. Sociocultural Theory
Theory that the individual, interpersonal or social experiences, and community or institution are all important and inseparable causes of human behavior and that language ties all of these aspects of development together

8. Sociocultural Theory
A complete account of learning and development must take into account three levels:
The individual plane- individual cognition, emotion, behavior, values, and beliefs
The interpersonal plane- communication, role performances, dialogue, cooperation, conflict, assessment
The community plane- shared history, languages, rules, values, beliefs, and identities

9. Ethnic minority communities
have a strong influence on students’ achievement and school behavior,
three cautions:
Guard against stereotypes
The fact that minority communities may have a strong influence on school success does not relieve schools of the obligation to provide a multicultural education
The support of families and the minority community may be insufficient to improve the academic success of minority students

10. Purposes of Multicultural Education
To promote pride in one’s own cultural heritage and understanding of microcultures different from one’s own
To foster positive attitudes toward cultural diversity
To ensure equal educational opportunities for all students

11. Purposes of Multicultural Education
Two questions complicate the matter when we get below the surface and address the actual practice of multiculturalism in education
Which cultures shall we include?
What and how shall we teach about them?

12. Multicultural Education
One of the most controversial aspects of multicultural education is the use of language
What labels and terms are acceptable for designating various groups?
Consider cultures in which women are treated as chattel, as well as the drug culture, the culture of street gangs, the culture of poverty
To what extent does every culture have a right to perpetuate itself?
How should we respond to some members of the Deaf culture, who reject the prevention of deafness or procedures and devices that enable deaf children to hear, preferring deafness to hearing and wishing to sustain the Deaf culture deliberately?

13. Implementing Multicultural and Bilingual Special Education
Exceptionality group- a group sharing a set of specific abilities or disabilities
Multicultural special education- focuses on 2 main objectives:
Ensuring that ethnicity is not mistaken for educational exceptionality
Increasing understanding of the microculture of exceptionality
Disproportionate representation of racial minority students in special education classes points to the need to make strong academic programs for all students, implement effective special education policies, increase level of home/school involvement, and use diverse community resources

14. Assessment
Traditional assessment practices have often violated the U.S. ideals of equal opportunity regardless of ethic origin
Educators and psychologists’ assessments- criticized as being biased because of misrepresentation of the abilities of students and useless because they only result in labeling rather than educational programming
Traditional standardized tests have serious limitations- do not take cultural diversity into account, they focus on the individuals’ deficits, and they do not provide useful information
Curriculum-based assessment (CBA)- A formative evaluation method designed to evaluate performance in the particular curriculum to which students are exposed

15. Instruction
Objective of multicultural education is ensuring that all students are instructed in ways that do not penalize them because of their cultural differences
If students’ differences are ignored, the students will probably be given instruction that is not suited to their cultural needs
Classwide peer tutoring- helpful for elementary children who are not proficient in English
Four instructional goals:
Teaching tolerance & appreciation of difference
Working cooperatively with families
Improving instruction for language-minority students
Adopting effective teaching practices

16. Teaching Tolerance and Appreciation/ Working with Families
We can do so by learning more about ourselves and our heritage
Teaching tolerance includes differences of all types, including disabilities
More information on tolerance:
Parents have different views of disabilities and different ways of accommodating these differences in their children
Parents of low-income and minority children may feel alienated from schools

17. Improving Instruction for Language-Minority Students
Students for whom English is a second language face demands of learning a new language and mastering traditional subject matter
Those with disabilities also have to cope with additional hurdles imposed by their disability
Different approaches to teaching language-minority students:
Native-language emphasis- students are taught for most of the day in their native language and later make a translation to English
Sheltered-English approach- students receive instruction in English for most of the school from the beginning of their schooling

18. Six Components of Effective Teaching
Scaffolding and strategies- the teacher assists the student in learning a task and then phases out the help as the student learns to use the strategy independently
Challenge- All students need to be given challenging tasks
Involvement- Students must be engaged in extended conversations, in which they use complex linguistic structures
Success- Students at the highest risk of failure and dropping out are those who have low rates of success in daily school activities
Mediation and feedback- Provide frequent, comprehensible feedback on performance
Responsiveness to cultural and individual diversity- The content of instruction must be related to students’ experiences

19. Socialization
Involves helping students develop appropriate social perceptions and interactions with others
Teaching about different cultures and their value may be important in reducing ethnic conflict and promoting respect for human differences.
Cooperative learning- A teaching approach in which the teacher places students with similar abilities together to work on assignments