1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
The purpose of photosynthesis is to convert light energy into chemical energy.

2. DRAW THIS DIAGRAM, LEAVING ROOM FOR EQUATION

3. PHOTOSYNTHESIS BALANCED EQUATION
6 CO2 + 6 H20
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
enzymes
light energy
Waste product
ENTERS THROUGH STOMA
IN THROUGH ROOTS
SUGAR = CHEMICAL ENERGY

4. PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS IN 2 STAGES

5. STEP ONE: The Light Reactions
Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and then used to make ATP
ATP is used to split water (photolysis)
H2O H AND O
To break apart
light
Used to make sugar
Released as a waste product

6. Step Two: The Calvin Cycle (AKA: “The Dark Reactions”)
CO2 and H combine to form simple sugars
From water, which was split during the light reactions
Enters through leaves

7. Chloroplast!
Grana –(Stacks of thylakoid membranes. Site of light reactions)
Stroma (NOT STOMA!) – Site of Calvin Cycle

8. Leaf Cross-Section Waxy layer(cutin):prevents water loss
Epidermis: Protection
Palisade Layer- Tightly packed photosynthetic cells
Veins:Xylem(top) transports water, phloem (botton) food
Spongy Layer – Loosely arranged photosynthetic cells
Stoma – Opening for gas exchange
Guard Cells: Control opening/closing of stoma

9. Guard cells

10. Visible spectrum: Portion of electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
Least Energetic (longest wavelength)
Most energetic (shortest wavelength)

11. Why do objects appear colored?
The color that you see is being reflected, all other colors are being absorbed.
White: Reflects all colors
Black: Absorbs all colors

12. Pigments give plants their specific color.
Function: Absorb maximum amount of light energy while at the same time protecting plant from too much energy.
Examples:
Chlorophyll: Reflects green. Chlorophyll is the dominant photosynthetic pigment.
Carotenoids : Reflect orange, like carrots
Xanthophylls : Reflects yellow

13. Why do leaves change color in the fall?

14. Length of day decreases
Less light = less energy = less photosynthesis
Chlorophyll, being used less and begins to break down
Other accessory pigments become visible

15. If a plant appears green, how do we know that other pigments are present?

16. CHROMATOGRAPHY!
A process that separates all of the pigments present in a solution.