1. Approaches for Future International Co-operation
Cédric Philibert
AIXG Seminar
Session 3 1

2. Purpose of the session
To help guide the development of future technical and analytical issues of the Annex I Expert Group relating to mitigation approaches

3. Some Overarching Issues
How to define future co-operation?
Top-down multilateral negotiations
Bottom-up, pledge-based
Mixed
Type of approaches
Non-quantitative approaches
Quantitative emissions approaches
Stringency and differentiation
Basis for setting objectives: present or future?
What is differentiated: stringency/nature/timing of targets
Timing
Extent of participation

4. Non Quantitative Approaches
No cap but trade
Policies and measures
Technology agreements (R&D, standards, performance goals)
Carbon taxes
International voluntary agreements with industry

5. Quantitative Emissions Approaches
Nature
Fixed / indexed
Nation-wide / sectors
Binding / non-binding
Price cap; action targets; long-term endowments…
Timing, allocation of efforts
Multi-stage
Per capita (e.g., contraction and convergence)
Brazilian proposal
Based on costs

6. Potential analytical issues
Can an integrated agreement with different approaches be designed to encourage participation, provide flexibility, minimize costs and ensure comparable levels of efforts for countries at comparable levels of development?
What are the key analytical issues?
For example, is it possible to integrate a technology approach and a sectoral approach with other approaches in a practical manner?
 What approaches relating to timing, allocation and differentiation are amenable to the above?
Can international agreements be designed to support and not limit domestic interests?
Other?