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living damage weeds animals spread not causing pathogen non-living
PLANT INJURIES AND THEIR CAUSES CAUSES OF PLANT INJURY BIOTIC AGENTS – These are _________ organisms that can ___________ plants. Ex. Insects, _________, fungus, bacteria, and _________ INSECT DAMAGE FUNGUS GROWTH Biotic agents are considered INFECTIOUS if they can __________ from plant to plant or NONINFECTIOUS if they do _____ spread. Any disease __________ agent living within the plant is called a plant _______________. ABIOTIC AGENTS – These are _____________ causes of plant injury. Ex. Windstorm, ___________, temperature extremes, and _______________ SNOW ON CRABAPPLE BLOSSOMS WIND DAMAGED TREE living damage weeds animals spread not causing pathogen non-living drought pollution
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SPECIALIZED BRANCHES OF STUDY VIROLOGY – Study of ___________
ENTOMOLOGY – Study of ____________ NEMATOLOGY – Study of ________________ Nematode in tomato BACTERIOLOGY – Study of ______________ root cells PLANT PATHOLOGY – Study of plant ______________ MYCOLOGY – Study of _____________ WEED SCIENCE – Study of ________ viruses insects nematodes bacteria diseases fungi weeds
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INSECT ANATOMY Arthropoda joint foot Insecta limbs Segmented all
Insects are classified in the phylum _________________ “ARTHRO” = _________ “POD” = ________ and in the class ____________ ARTHROPODS ARE ANIMALS WITH: Jointed legs or _________ - _______________ body - Exoskeleton Not _____ arthropods are insects. For example, ___________, crayfish, ticks INSECTS are identified by: 1. EXOSKELETON – Hard, _______________ covering 2. LEGS - _____ pairs of legs ( ____ legs total) 3. WINGS – Usually ____ pairs 4. BODY SEGMENTS – 3 body segments: HEAD, ___________, ABDOMEN Arthropoda joint foot Insecta limbs Segmented all spiders protective 3 6 2 THORAX
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INTERNAL ANATOMY adapted chewing antennae tube spiracles brain
The head of an insect has mouthparts that are ______________ for ____________ or sucking. Insects also have ______________ to aid in sensory perception. INTERNAL ANATOMY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM – Insects have a 3 part _____. 2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM – Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged through small openings called ____________ along the thorax and abdomen 3. NERVOUS SYSTEM – Insects have a simple _______ and nerve fibers in the body 4. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – The female has an ______________ for laying eggs antennae tube spiracles brain ovipositor
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INSECT LIFECYCLE process changes habitat diet behavior 4 EGG LARVA
METAMORPHOSIS – A biological ____________ in which an insect ___________ and develops after birth or hatching. During metamorphosis, insects may also have changes in ____________, ______, and _____________. 2 TYPES OF METAMORPHOSIS: (A) COMPLETE – This has _____ stages: 1. _____ 2. ________ - ____________ with __________ mouthparts. This is the _______ destructive stage to plants 3. ______ - A physically ____________ stage with ______________ changes to physiology 4. ________ - The insect can now ____________ and make offspring process changes habitat diet behavior 4 EGG LARVA Worm-like chewing most PUPA inactive extensive ADULT reproduce
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3 dragonflies aphids moults EGG NYMPH resemble smaller moult
(B) INCOMPLETE - This has ____ stages Insects with incomplete metamorphosis include grasshoppers, ______________, cicadas, _________, termites, cockroaches, and bed bugs “INSTAR” – The developmental stage between _________ 1. _____ 2. ________ - Nymphs often ___________ the adult but are ___________ in size. As the nymphs eat, grow, and change they _________ or shed their _________________. They gradually look more and more like the adult. 3. ________ - Insect now has ________ and can reproduce dragonflies aphids moults EGG NYMPH resemble smaller moult exoskeleton ADULT wings
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COMPLETE INCOMPLETE HOUSE FLY GRASSHOPPER Examples of Metamorphosis
Larva (maggot) Eggs Pupa Adult _________________ ____________________ HOUSE FLY GRASSHOPPER
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yellow not droops water destroyed odor Dead black reduced malformed
SYMPTOMS OF PLANT DISEASE Common symptoms of plant disease include: CHLOROSIS – When the plant turns ___________, but does _____ lack light WILTING – The plant _________, even with sufficient ________ ROTTING – Cells are _____________ by pathogens. This may be accompanied by a foul ______ NECROSIS - _______ tissue that turns brown or _________ DWARFING – All or part of a plant is ____________ in size INCREASE IN SIZE – Plant parts become ______________ such as galls and scabs TUNNELING – Insects ________ their way through the leaves and stems HOLES – When insects _______ on leaves, or pathogens ______ spots on leaves that ultimately fall out yellow not droops water destroyed odor Dead black reduced malformed chew feed kill
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PLANT PATHOGENS - The _________ pathogens are the most prevalent ________ of plant disease and include fungi, ______________, viruses, and nematodes CRITERIA OF A SUCCESSFUL PATHOGEN: The pathogen must be ________ a susceptible _______ plant 2. The pathogen must be in its ______________ form called an “inoculum” 3. The pathogen is _____________ to the plant by a vector such as wind, __________, rain, and humans 4. The pathogen must find a _______ open to infection 5. Environmental ______________ must be favorable biotic cause bacteria near host infectious transferred insects site conditions
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WEEDS no not compete resources water sites pathogenic WHAT ARE WEEDS?
Weeds are plants with _____ economic value and/or plants growing where they are ______ desired Weeds ___________ with desirable plants for ______________ such as sunlight, _________ and soil nutrients Weeds can provide _________ for the overwintering of insects and __________________ inoculum 2 TOP AGRICULTURAL WEEDS IN NEW YORK STATE: Common Lambsquarters Giant Foxtail (Chenopodium album) (Ambrosia artimisiifolia) no not compete resources water sites pathogenic
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PEST CONTROL common treated some sprays reduced All financially single
3 LEVELS OF PEST CONTROL: 1. PARTIAL CONTROL – This is the most _____________ type in which the plants are ______________ but may still show _______ symptoms of disease. For example, a homeowner _________ their plants with a pesticide and the disease is _____________ 2. ABSOLUTE CONTROL - _____ symptoms of pest injury are absent. Potato beetle This is usually not feasible _____________ for a large grower, and may only be achievable for a __________ plant in a home or a ____________ flower bed 3. PROFITABLE CONTROL – When the __________ on the crop exceeds the ________ of control. - More ______________ plants warrant more ________ control - The ____________ value of the crop. For example, a grower may ____________ the expense of spraying a field of young sapling trees on the basis of their sale _______ five years later common treated some sprays reduced All financially single backyard profit cost valuable costly ultimate justify value
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4 PRINCIPLES OF CONTROL EXCLUSION – All techniques designed to _______ a pest from (3) PROTECTION – Setting up ___________ becoming _____________ in an area. Strategies between the _______ plants and the pests include purchasing pest-free ________ from to which they are susceptible. Strategies dependable suppliers and treating plants with include growing plants inside a __________ _______________ or disinfectants before area, and manipulating environmental planting them factors such as ____, water level, and temp. (2) ERADICATION - Removing or ________________ pests that are (4) RESISTANCE – Using plants with _________ already in, on, or near plants. Strategies include isolating and resistance to pathogens. For example, ______________ infected plants, hand-pulling ________, physical ___________ of a plant such as a planting ________ crops such as barley to smother weeds, and _______ cuticle may prevent __________ ________ treating soil to prevent pathogens. and insect infestation. Some plants exhibit the _______________ response (HR) in which the infected ______ die so quickly that the pathogen cannot proliferate “PROTECTANTS” – Chemicals applied _________ invasion “ERADICANTS” - Chemicals applied ________ invasion stop barriers established host stock screened pesticides pH eliminating natural destroying weeds features cover thick fungal steam hypersensitive cells before after
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TYPES OF PESTICIDES 1. INSECTICIDES – Chemicals that kill ___________ “Adjuvants” are chemical _____________ to improve the _______________ of a “Broad spectrum” insecticides kill insects _________________, pesticide, and __________ environmental without regard to the species. A __________ is the natural predators contamination of the pest may also be __________ “Specific” insecticides target a ____________ type of insect 2. HERBICIDES – Chemicals that kill ________ “Selective” herbicides kill ______ types of plants, but not others “Non-selective” herbicides kill _____ plants 3. FUNGICIDES – Chemicals that kill _________ These will stop the ______________ of certain fungal diseases, but won’t correct the __________ that has already been done insects additives performance indiscriminately reduce danger killed specific weeds some all fungi progression damage
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PESTICIDE SAFETY required toxicity application pests high moderate low
Manufacturers of pesticides are ______________ by law to provide information about their product’s ____________, ingredients, proper __________________, and specific _________ controlled. LEVELS OF PESTICIDE SAFETY: DANGER - _______ toxicity WARNING - ___________ toxicity CAUTION - _____ toxicity PESTICIDE SAFEGUARDS Read the material safety data sheet (_______) that comes with the product Use the __________ effective concentration Follow all ______________ and _______ Don’t apply on a ________ day or before a _______ Avoid use near ________ Do not spray near bee ________ or when bees are _______________ Keep pesticides in a ___________ area required toxicity application pests high moderate low MSDS lowest directions laws windy rain water hives pollinating locked
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equipment clothing records when amount whom Dispose containers past
8. Wash all application ________________ and ____________ 9. Keep careful ____________ of which pesticide was applied _______, where, in what __________, and by _______ 10. ____________ of empty ______________ appropriately CERTIFICATION Due to __________ of pesticides in the ______, many pesticides are no longer _______________ in high potency form to home gardeners. Now the state ______________ professional pesticide applicators. The certificate is __________ after an applicant passes an _______ demonstrating knowledge of ______ pesticide use. records when amount whom Dispose containers past misuse available certifies earned exam safe
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BIOLOGICAL CONTROL natural limit friendly repel feed preferred decoy
Using _____________ inhibitors of insects, diseases, and weeds to _________ the use of chemicals. Biological control is more “environmentally _____________.” EXAMPLES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: Ladybug eating aphids PLANT EXTRACTS to _________ pests and weeds. Ex. Neem oil, black walnut pheromones PREDATORS that _______ on insect pests. Ex. Ladybugs ALTERNATE HOSTS – A species that is _____________ by the pest is interplanted with the desired species and serves as a _________ attracting the pests. Ex. Hawthorn trees interplanted with pear trees to attract the fire-blight _______________ GMO’s are genetically modified organisms that are ___________ to be resistant to pests. Ex. Pesticidal corn Fire-blight on pear tree GMO corn on the top Non-treated on bottom natural limit friendly repel feed preferred decoy bacteria designed
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IPM ntegrated est anagement balances health cost long-term combination
IPM = I _________________ P _________ M _____________________ Integrated pest management is a multi-faceted approach that _______________ pest control with environmental ________ and _______ control. It is a ______________ strategy for the prevention of pests through a __________________ of techniques such as _______________control, pesticides, GMO’s, and _____________ manipulation (ex. tilling the soil & crop rotation) Determining the Action Threshold In commercial horticulture, some level of plant ___________ and/or some ____________ of the pest must be accepted. The point at which the injury to the host plants, or the number of pests is _________________ is termed the action threshold and it is here that __________ measures must be applied ntegrated est anagement balances health cost long-term combination biological habitat injury presence unacceptable control
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