1. 6.6 REPRODUCTION

3. I. Human Reproduction
A male gamete (sperm) fertilizes a female gamete (egg or ovum) to form a zygote.
Half of the genetic makeup of the resulting zygote came from each parent.
Ensures genetic variation in the species.

5. A. The Male Reproductive System
1.Production of the male gamete (sex cell) called sperm by spermatogenesis in the male gonad (sex organ) the testes.
2. Provides a mechanism for delivering sperm to the female's body.

7. 3. Parts and Functions-
1. The TESTES - start to produce sperm during puberty.
a. Testes contain compartments filled with tightly coiled tubules called SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES.
b. Immature sperm are produced in the lining of these tubules where they develop. (2-3 months)

9. (About 400 MILLION sperm produced each day.)
2. Maturing sperm are passed onto a long coiled tube, the EPIDIDYMIS (upper rear part of each testis) where they further mature, become motile, and are stored until ejaculation. ( about 20 days)
(About 400 MILLION sperm produced each day.)

10. 3. The mature sperm leave the EPIDIDYMIS through the VAS DEFERENS which empties into the URETHRA.
a.The urethra is the passage way for both the excretion of urine and for the sperm to leave the penis.
*Vasectomy: Each vas deferens is cut to prevent
sperm from entering urethra.

11. 4. Human sperm cannot develop at body temperature, the SCROTUM helps to regulate the temperature by keeping the testes away from the body. (3° F cooler)

12. b. PROSTATE GLAND - alkaline-neutralizes acidic environment of female.
5. Exocrine glands produce secretions for the transport of sperm called SEMEN.
a. SEMINAL VESSICLE- provides a sugar (fructose) rich fluid used to nourish the sperm and provide energy and mucus for protection.
b. PROSTATE GLAND - alkaline-neutralizes acidic environment of female.

13. B. Female Reproductive System
1. Production of the female gamete (sex cell) called the egg or ovum in the female gonad called ovaries.
2. Preparation for fertilization each month from puberty to menopause. (menstrual cycle)
3 . If the egg is fertilized, it nourishes and protect the developing embryo.

15. (Fertilization takes place here.)
4. Parts and Functions
a. OVARY (female gonad) – contains many follicles that nourish and protect developing egg cells.
b. FALLOPIAN TUBE (OVIDUCT) – cilia take up the mature released egg after ovulation and moves it towards the uterus.
(Fertilization takes place here.)

17. c. UTERUS- thick, hollow muscular organ that can support a developing fetus during pregnancy
Endometrium- vascular inner lining of uterus.
Myometrium- strong, muscular outer layer.
d. CERVIX- neck of the uterus that opens to the VAGINA or birth canal which is a thin- walled chamber that receives sperm during intercourse.

18. II. Hormones play a key role in the development and regulation of the reproductive systems.

19. A. Hormonal Control in Males
1. TESTOSTORONE is a sex hormone produced by specialized cells (Leydig cells) in the testes.
a. Determines the development of male genitalia during embryonic development.
b. Ensure the development of secondary sex characteristics during puberty.
c. Maintains sex drive of males throughout their life time.
d. Stimulates sperm production in the testes.

21. B. Hormonal Control in Females
1. HYPOTHALAMUS signals the PITUITARY GLAND to produce FSH and LH to affect the ovaries.
a. FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)- stimulates the development of fluid filled sacs that contain the egg cell called follicles.
b. LH (Luteinizing Hormone)- stimulate the follicles to release the egg during ovulation and then the follicle develops into the CORPUS LUTEUM.

22. 2. The ovary produces the hormones ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE.
a. Stimulates secondary sex characteristics during puberty.
b. Simulates the thickening and maintenance of the uterine lining.

24. 3. The Menstrual Cycle
a. Sexual maturity in a female is marked by the onset of the menstrual cycle during puberty.
b. It prepares the ovaries for ovulation (release of an egg) and the uterus for implantation of a fertilized egg.
c. The cycle is controlled by hormones from both the brain and the ovaries.
d. The cycle repeats until there is either a pregnancy or the woman reaches menopause and the end of the reproductive phase of her life.

26. e. Stages of the Menstrual Cycle
1. The HYPOTHALAMUS regulates the menstrual cycle by producing GONADOTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE
GnRH
2. GnRH stimulates the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) which both act upon the ovaries and the developing follicle.

27. 3. FSH stimulates the follicle with the primary oocyte to grow and mature into a Graafian follicle.
4. The growing follicles release increasing amounts of ESTROGEN.
ESTROGEN- causes the thickening of the uterine lining (endometrium).

28. OVARY
FOLLICLES

29. 5. The peak of estrogen secretion by follicle causes the pituitary to release a surge of (6.) Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
LH surge triggers ovulation and the release of the (7.) maturing egg (secondary oocyte).

31. CORPUS LUTEUM secretes ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE.
8. LH stimulates the outer follicle cells left behind in the ovary to form the CORPUS LUTEUM (yellow body)
CORPUS LUTEUM secretes ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE.
(9.)ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE maintain the thickened vascular endometrial lining.

33. 10. If the released egg (secondary oocyte) is not fertilized and implanted in the uterine lining the corpus luteum breaks down.

34. Progesterone and estrogen production rapidly drop.
The endometrium breaks down and menstruation begins.
The inhibition of FSH and LH by ovarian hormones (estrogen and progesterone) has been removed and the secretions of FSH and LH are stimulated.
•A new cycle has begun.

36. III. In Vitro (in glass) Fertilization (IVF)- fertilization that takes place outside of the body
1. DOWN REGULATION- The woman takes a drug to stop the pituitary from secreting FSH and LH. (stop the cycle)
2. SUPER OVULATION- Injections of FSH is given to stimulate many follicles to develop into many GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES. ( about 10 days)
3. FOLICLE MATURATION- An injection of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) stimulate the follicles to mature and loosen the eggs.
4. EGG COLLECTION- Eggs are surgically harvested from the ovaries.

37. 1. Uterus
2. Needle for oocyte retrieval
3. Ovary
4. Ultrasound sensor
5. Vagina
6. Follicle
7. Needle point
8. The oocyte retrieved
9. Test-tube

39. 5. SPERM COLLECTION and PROCESSING- Sperm is collected and sorted for the most viable sperm.
6. INSEMINATION- Each egg is mixed with 50,000 to 100,000 of the selected sperm in separate culture dishes. .
7. FERTILIZATION- (12-20 hours after insemination) If fertilization has taken place, two nuclei are visible in the egg.

40. 8. EMBRYO SELECTION- fertilized eggs that appear normal and healthy are selected for transfer when 48 hours old.
9. IMPLANTATION- Two to three healthy embryos are introduced into the woman’s uterus.
Two weeks after the implantation a pregnancy test is taken to determine success.

42. Ethical Arguments Against IVF Ethical Arguments For IVF
What to do with unused embryos.
Divorce?
Selection of embryos for implantation.
Should infertility be by-passed?
Expensive- only for the privileged?
Multiple- births.
Ethical Arguments For IVF
Over come infertility.
Option for cancer patients.
Screening for unhealthy embryos or genetic disorders.
Technology leads to further benefits.