1. Realizing Formation and Decomposition of Li2O2 on Its Own Surface with a Highly Dispersed Catalyst for High Round-Trip Efficiency Li-O2 Batteries 
Li-Na Song, Lian-Chun Zou, Xiao-Xue Wang, Nan Luo, Ji-Jing Xu, Ji-Hong Yu 
iScience 
Volume 14, Pages (April 2019)
DOI: /j.isci
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2. iScience 2019 14, 36-46DOI: (10.1016/j.isci.2019.03.013)
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3. Figure 1 Scheme for the Fabrication of RuNCs@RCC3
(A) Synthesis of the CC3R cage by a [4 + 6] cycloimination and the reduction of CC3R to RCC3 cage by NaBH4.
(B) Schematic illustration of the encapsulation of Ru nanoclusters inside the RCC3 matrix using a reverse double-solvent approach.
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4. Figure 2 Morphological and Structural Characterization of RuNCs@RCC3
(A) FESEM image of RCC3. See also Figure S7.
(B and C) Scanning electron microscopic (B) and TEM (C) images of See also Figures S8 and S9. Scale bars, 1 μm in (A), 2 μm in (B) and 500 nm in (C).
(D–F) FTIR patterns (D), PXRD patterns (E), and N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (F) of RCC3 and See also Figures S2 and S10.
(G and H) Ru 3d XPS spectrum (G) and N 1s XPS spectrum (H) of the
(I) 1H NMR spectra of RCC3 and See also Figure S4.
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5. Figure 3
Electrochemical Performance and Characterization of Discharged Products
(A) First charge-discharge curves of lithium-oxygen (Li-O2) cells at a current density of 100 mA g−1, and a specific capacity limit of 500 mAh g−1.
(B) Photographs of the pristine electrolyte (left), (middle), and RuNPs/RCC3 (right) catalysts in CH2Cl2/TEGDME (v/v, 1/2) at different stages (Cm = 6.67 mg/mL).
(C) An electrochemical mechanism for the aggregation of Li2O2 on the surface of the CNT with versus without catalyst.
(D and E) The rate capability (D) of the Li-O2 cells with three types of catalysts at different current densities. Galvanostatic discharge and recharge curves (E) of the Li-O2 cells with three kinds of catalysts at a current density of 100 mA g−1. See also Figures S12 and S13.
(F and G) FESEM image of the discharged CNT cathode without catalyst (F) and with (G) at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a specific capacity of 2,000 mAh g−1. The inset of (G) represents the corresponding enlarged FESEM image. See also Figure S14.
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6. Figure 4 Cycle Stability and Characterization of Charged Products
(A–C) FESEM images of the recharged CNT cathode with at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and charge capacities of 500 (A), 1,000 (B), and 2,000 mAh g−1 (C). Insets in (A–C) show the corresponding enlarged FESEM images.
(D) FESEM image of the recharged CNT cathode with RuNPs at a current density of 200 mA g−1 with a charge capacity of 1,000 mAh g−1.
(E and F) Schematic of the Li2O2 oxidation mechanism in electrolyte with (E) and without catalyst (F).
(G) Variation of the terminal voltage upon the discharge of the Li-O2 cells at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a specific capacity limit of 500 mAh g−1 with three types of catalysts.
See also Figure S19.
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7. Figure 5 Cathode Morphology upon Cycling
(A–F) FESEM images of the recharged CNT cathode without catalyst at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a charge capacity of 1,000 mAh g−1 after the fifth recharging (A) and the 20th recharge (B). FESEM images of the recharged CNT cathode with RuNPs at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a charge of 1,000 mAh g−1 after the fifth(C) and the 20th recharge (D). FESEM images of the recharged CNT cathode with at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a charge capacity of 1,000 mAh g−1 after the fifth recharge (E) and the 20th recharge (F).
(G) 1H NMR spectra of the CNT cathodes without catalyst or with after the fifth and 20th recharge. The spectra for TEGDME, HCO2Li, and CH2CO2Li are also shown for reference.
See also Figure S20.
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8. Figure 6
The Morphology and Crystallinity of the Discharged Product upon Cycling
(A–D) FESEM images of the fifth (A) and the 20th (B) discharged CNT cathodes without catalyst at a current density of 200 mAh g−1 and a specific capacity of 1,000 mAh g−1. FESEM images of the fifth (C) and the 20th (D) discharged CNT cathodes with at a current density of 200 mA g−1 and a specific capacity of 1,000 mAh g−1. Insets in (C and D) show the corresponding enlarged FESEM images.
(E and F) PXRD patterns of the discharge products on the CNT cathodes without catalyst (E) and with (F).
See also Figure S17.
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