1. Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
Chapter 7

3. DEPRESSIVE AND BIPOLAR DISORDERS
TYPE:
Depression, mania, both
SEVERITY:
Mild, moderate, severe
DURATION:
Few days, weeks, months, years

4. DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS
A disorder that involves periods of symptoms in which an individual experiences an unusually intense sad mood.
(Two week period/most every day)
Dysphoria: The disorder’s essential element; an unusually elevated sad mood.

5. Major Depressive Disorder
Acute, but time-limited, periods of depressive symptoms that are called major depressive episodes
Period in which the individual experiences intense psychological and physical symptoms related to a dysphoric mood.

6. Depressive Symptoms Mnemonic:“Space Drags”
S leep disturbance
P leasure/interest (lack of)
A gitation
C oncentration
E nergy (lack of)/fatigue
D epressed mood
R etardation movement
A ppetite disturbance
G uilt, worthless, useless
S uicidal thought

7. Table 7.1 - Criteria for a Major Depressive Episode

8. Major Depressive Disorder
Two major categories of major depressive disorder:
Single episode
Recurrent:
People receive a diagnosis of recurrent major depressive disorder if they have had two or more major depressive episodes with an interval of at least two consecutive months without meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode.

9. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
A depressive disorder involving chronic depression of less intensity than major depressive disorder.
Symptoms present for at least 2 years.
Sleep and appetite disturbances, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty with concentration and decision-making, and feelings of hopelessness.
Dysphoria: The emotion of sadness.

10. Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
A depressive disorder in children who
exhibit chronic and severe irritability and have frequent temper outbursts.
Outbursts must be developmentally inappropriate and occur three or more times per week.
Between outbursts, children with this disorder are extremely irritable or angry.
Research suggests that children who show this extreme irritability and angry outbursts rather than developing bipolar disorder, they are at risk of developing depressive and/or anxiety disorders when they reach adulthood.

11. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)
Women who experience depressed mood or changes in mood, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety during the premenstrual phase that subside after the menstrual period begins for most of the cycles of the preceding year.

12. Disorders Involving Alterations in Mood

13. Bipolar Disorder
Manic episodes and very disruptive experiences of heightened mood, possibly alternating with major depressive episodes
Euphoric mood: A feeling state that is more cheerful and elated than average, possibly even ecstatic
Dysphoria: The disorder’s essential element; an unusually elevated sad mood. .

14. Criteria for a Manic Episode
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Pressure to keep talking
Flight of ideas
Distractibility
Increase in goal-directed activity
Excessive involvement in activities that have a high potential for painful consequences

15. criteria for a hypomanic episode

16. Cyclothymic Disorder
Symptoms that are more chronic and less severe than those of bipolar disorder.
Not as intense as bipolar
Met the criteria for a hypomanic episode
Chronic condition
Lasts at least 2 years
Numerous periods of depressive symptoms
Never meet the criteria for a major depressive episode

17. Theories and Treatment of Mood Disorders

18. Biological Perspectives
First-degree relatives of those with major depression are two to four times the rates of nonrelatives
Twin studies
Altered serotonin functioning

19. Biological Perspectives
Antidepressant medication
Treatment for bipolar disorder is lithium carbonate
Pharmacogenetics
Light therapy